

ǰ
ҹʷƾáĻõĹҡڱĻŲУŴ
Ҫɲ֡ҹŴ෱࣬ݰսʷıԡ󷨡
ͼơߡغ򡢽˧ڵȵȡŴר
⣬ɢ顢ʷеľ²֣ʷ۱ȴ
ѧϡ
й飬ȻƷҲɢʧսұ⣬һ
Ҫԭ򣬾ͳ߷ٻٱ飬׼Ⳮء
ݹʷڹŴĻУḻе
Ǳ顣ŴִԾҫ۵ʡ
Ϊ˵ڵҪѡȡйŴ龫ڶ
ߣǴǧɱľУı
йͳͳԼ1300 ֣߽200 ֣
гƵϾƷȴΪࡣӡƷеһ֡
ӡǱרݺȻԹ
Ǳ۱ǳ£ݺҵʦӣҲݺۼ
ˣӡҲ֮С
йĻʷһɫʵҹսʱ
ҵı棬ѧءǣԺ֮˵
˾żͳһйξơഫ
սҲѧΪһλʦ̳ܽλѧ
ҽԶʽ̳һĶиԷǷ
ܡǵʦôǵأȷʵһλ

ڹӵ˵һعӵ˾Ǩġʷǡ
ʷǡд˵ߣҲʦ룬ϰ֮
ڹʷǡдҲмأߣκҲʼ
ؾ¹Ҽעӡһʱȴ˵
ʼȡģ̧Լݣ
ʵ޹ˡѧߵĹ۵㲻ͬԼطʽ
ϵΪ˼˰ٶ֪꣬ȥ
̰ѹΪ֮Ҳԡӡһرڵ
ҵľ䡶ءСй䴫˵Уְѹɱ
绽ꡢԤ֪סֻشɡ
ôӾǺˣӡʷǡп죬ȷˣ
ڹԪǰ2 ͣԺŹӣ̳ءǡ
丵μҡ¼ңǵʱ֪ʿԸΪ٣
鲻Ϊ֪ɫʡ
ӡһ飬ҪǴıأ漰
ѧѧԼ󷨵ȣԳΪȻΪ˵
ݺǡӡһݡ
ݺ⽻ҵȨıթııЩıǣŴ
Ρ⽻еĹͶֵʾֹ߼˼
άֵΪıṩ˼άݡ
ݺҹսʱڣáıơʶ磬
ˣָӾݣȺԵʱ¡
ںʿΪС֮ǣ֮֮ǣ
֮ʧ¡ǣݺǳǻ۵ıΡ
¡ûУȻȡá
ᣬ˼񡢼ҡӡ׷ľЩУ
طɡµͬʱ£ԾԾ
ı㡢ȵȡرҵ̸У֤ǡɼڣ
ԣҵʱǸӦʶԶԷɫɫĹʽ
ıӶ֤ʧˣǸעоı֮
ʹùȥΪ¢ϵıڻ˽֪
ʱͻ˵ŪӶʹ֮Ϊ̹ϡ
ıԴڻִӡصıԷɣܵ
ǵӡִУǲıԡ⽻ԡβԣ
ҽı˼㷺Ӧھû֮УþӪıڼҵľȡ
ʤӡһı֤ۻۣķйܵ
ӣϵľȨıҼҵҲ߶ձ
ר̽֡뾭Ӫıԡڵ¹ǣй㷺Ӱ졣
šӡթµ֮ػʹ
֮ʹйĻһ֦ŷ㡣
ӡȻ⾫ƷϾԶֺ£
Ķ൱ѡΪⲿŴƷͯʣΪлĻһ
ౡ֮ǽ߾Ŭѡ׻ӡ׸ߣϣܶԹ

μӱдĻż֣躡С塢񡢹
Ρʵ޽µͬ־
ӱڱ
1995.6
շ
آڵһ
[ԭ]
Ţۣʥ֮ؼҲΪ״֮Ȣܡ֮
ޣ֪֮Żߣߢ֮ʼ֮仯֮ޢ
ɣ˾(11)Żʥ֮ҲԹһҲ(12)
(13)գ򿪻գڻš
ǹʥһ˾ŻȺ(14)ȨܣУ伿ɶ̳
͡Фǡޡ¡ӣв˿㣬˿أ˿ɽ˿ˣ
˿ɼ˿ɹΪ(15)֮ʵ(16)飬Լ
־⣬΢ԣ㷴֮ʵʵָ(17)ض֮(18)
(19)򿪶ʾ֮ض֮(20)ʾ֮ߣͬҲ
֮ߣҲ벻ɣıԭͬ(21)(22)
(23)ȴ־
֮(24)֮ܡ֮΢(25)׷(26)
֮ߣ(27)Ҳ֮ߣ(28)ҲԼȨ(29)
Ϊ֮(30)ʥΪ֮ǡ䲻ȨʥΪ֮(31)
ߣ֮֮ߣضȡ֮ȥ֮
ߣ֮ߣԱ䶯ʱգԻ(32)ݺ(33)
(34)ɴ(35)ӡ
ߣ֮󻯣˵֮(36)Ҳԥ仯״ϵɡ
ߣ֮ŻҲߣ֮Ҳ־⡢ϲ˼ǡı˽Ż
룬ʹ֮أ֮Գ롣֮ߣҲҲҲ֮ߣ
ҲıҲҲͣʼ(37)Գ֡
١á⡢ϲΪԻʼǻƶ
衢ʧ⡢к¾﷣ΪԻա(38)
֮ߣաʼʼ£Է֮ߣաա
Զı
֮֮(39)(40)С
СԸɴ֮룬(41)
˵ˣ˵ң˵˵¡ΪСڣΪ⡣
ȥ͡¡Уֹأ롣
ʼ(42)ߣҲߡҲ
ԵҲʩҲҲ
֮˵֮ҲΪ֮ȣνԲ֮Ż
[ע]
㣺˼ĻжȡƣⲿＰ
˵źͽ顣
أյ˼ر飬ѽﻯΪԼ
룬ȡ̬
ţʡ˳졣ΪһĹɿ
ʷ
ȣ֪Ⱦָߣָߣߡ
׾ϵָռӦ
ζԣǻжζҹŮԡ
ж
޹֮۲仯
ߴ֮Żָ֮
ߣ߻
ࣺ
ޣָס
(11)˾ؼԹԱͼ档
(12)һҲȻĹɣʥ˵ĵһ
(13)飺һйޡ
(14)ȺӦȵӦȣӦú;Ӻһ
Ӧõж
(15)е顣
(16)ʵʵ顣
(17)ָּͬ
(18)ض֮ʵ飻Ӧбղػ
(19)ֶԷ˵ƶ
(20)ʾ֮ض֮ʹ֣߷ʹء
(21)ԭͬ죺̽ͬ벻ͬص㡢ʡ
(22)ϣ룬һ£ϣһ¡
(23)أȷԼĹ۵֮
(24)֮ܣܣ©ҪжʱܵĿǡ
(25)΢΢
(26)׷Ϻ֮
(27)飺ʵα
(28)ϣᣬᶨʹᶨкý
(29)ȨأȽء
(30)Ϊ֮ͳȵֵ
(31)ȨʥΪ֮ǣһɣʥ
ͼ
(32)ʱԻﶬڱ仯һ
(33)ݺ᣺ڵı仯
(34)뷴򸴾ɡ
(35)ɴˣԭ
(36)֮󻯣˵֮䣺󻯣仯˵֮䡱˵ԭ
á
(37)ʼ壺ʼձ仯֮
(38)ԣۡ
(39)֮֮򿪷Żղأ֮С
(40)ߣ߽֮ʱ̸۳߲֮С
(41)ɣ˵ˣ˵ҡ˵˵£ûʲô
Եġ
(42)ʼΪУ˴ת
[]
ݹ۹Žʷ֪ʥؼ䣬ڵȵߡͨ
仯ɶжϣһ֮ķ
չ仯̣ͨ˼άĹɣʾ仯ףӶ﷢
չ仯ĹؼԣʥʼǷشȻһı仯ɣ
Դ˼ԦġΪı仯Ȼ޾ȻѵĹޣ
߹߸ǿ߿ţ߷գ
ڣ߽š
ԣʥҪʼհ﷢չ仯Ĺؼı仯˳򣬴
ȨıٱȽϼɷӡͲФǻ
޴¸ҺųġЩԿţҲԷգ
ԽҲԴˣӣҲԾأҪΪʶ
ǡǵʵͨȺúķҿǵ
ԸʵֶԷ˵ĻǿԺٷ죬Ա̽ʵ
飬ʵնԷеʵʣöԷȷն󿪷ţԱѰʱ
ʱʹ֣֮ʱʹ֮ءʹ֣ΪԷһ£
ʹ֮أΪԷⲻͬʲôУʲôУҪ
ЩıоҪ׶ԷıѲͬģͬģ
ͬʱҪעⰴնԷ˼־Դ
ҪţҪǿꣻҪգҪǴܡ
ҪҪϸҪϺɺ͵öԷſΪ
飻öԷգΪ˼ᶨĳġЩΪöԷʵ
ͼıȫ¶Ա̽Էĸʵ֡ʥҪΪ˶
˼粻̽Էʵĳ̶Ⱥʥ˻Ϊ˶ǡ
ˣνţҪѳȥñ˽νգ
ͨԼͨʹ뿪ϸ
﷢չ仯ĹɡźͷնΪʹĸ淢
һļʼСսʹ﷢仯ɴ˿֪ݺ仯
뿪鸴ǱͨŻʵֵġ
źͷе˵һ̬Ǳ˳
صؿ仯ļףǵ˶ϵڴˡŴ
Ǿס־˼ıҪɿڳ롣ˣÿźͷ
շؿڣԿƳ롣ν֮ʹ֮šԡ
ν֮ʹ֮աĬ䡣г
ղнڶȣʼա˵֡١
Ⱥáƻ⡢ȣڡһʼ
ǻƶ衢ˡʧ⡢ֺ¾﷣ȣڡ
һֹЩѭһɣԳΪ
ɡ̸ۡơʼ˵Щѭһɣ
ԳΪûɡ̸ֹۡʩչı
ڿźͷյĹɶҪ顣ˣķ
˵˰ߵԭԷķ˵˰µԭ
Էñ΢СԳɴ˿ûʲô
ܳȥûʲôܽûʲô첻ɵġ˵ˣ
˵ң˵˵¡ҪС£Ҫ΢
Ҫ£Ҫ޹󾳽硪е𺦺Ͳ棬ȥ
ͽӽѺ͹鸽ȵΪı仯еġķ棬
˶ǰķ棬ֹءķ棬ʾķ棬
Ǳ롣ķ棬յ㣬ķ棬˼ͷΪ
ƾ˶ߣڻԾе¾ͻ֮ԡ˶ߣ
ڰУơԣááҪõ
ݣááҪʩ롰
׷󣬾ѭء֮´֮Ҳ
˵Ļ
֮ĸؼԿס
[]
ӡһƪΪءءıǿյ˼ڱ
京ʮַḻġӴӡϡ˶﷢չ
仯Ĺɡ˵гõķ
νָĻȡжνϡ
Ĭ̬Ӧ䡣һһ˵еΪȡ
ݺ⽻УڳֹƶԷ֮Ҫ跨ʹԷ
Ϊ˽ԷաǼᶨԷڿСס
Էȫʵıϲܹ˴ʧˡڱ仯пΪһ
ԲȦ㸴ںϣϵָڿ
ʷĽУ󿪴̨ҲǾνߣ֮Ҳ
ʷľޱҲڿСҹȹս70 
־ǿ֮ľڸĸ￪ŵĻȷ֮ҹʵʩ
һƣڱĩո۰ģ̨ǿɱնĹ⽻
ıԡֿıʷķչϱ仯ʽ
չҵ
ʷϣ˵ġء֮Ӧաʱأ躻֮һ
ѹض¡
йʷϣ㡢һʱԡաΪ8 ֮߶
£뿪ʵ۸ҲԴ֮˻ʵ۵ı
뿪ʵ۸Ƕκةࡢ߻Ĵӡ߻󣬳
߳μδة࣬򱻷Ϊܴ󶼶

߳׺ᱩңâ¶һ
෴Ķţ޶ۺֱګԹҴ
һֻ۱һֻۣùҹȺֳ߳ǰ
ҲǴ˳Ϊ˹õһõķΣ߳ο˾ΪУ
ȴȰ˲ҪաԼ檶α߳εϷҲװ֪߳ζ
ܸܵƲۣ˵ҵܸܵôԤԼ׹
޷ˡ˳ؼңǱžҲ˵
˼仰ʱѹЬżԺﱼܲͣ벻
ھͻʱȴһˣ˹Ŀ࿴
߳ζԻʵԪƲϵ뼸ĸı֮£ū
ڴɱñɫ䣬ʱһһɱ
ةֻڼū췴ʱ˵ˡʵԪ͸߳
ؽˡԪ׼УﰵϲΪ߳μˣѳɴ
Ȩˡؽ󣬵ټȺ£·
һ꣬þ٣ٹپ̾ѣ
ⰲ߳ȥΪַᡣԪΪҰģ
Ϊة࣬Ϯ
º󣬸ʱִԪƵλԪ֪Ŀɿڴ
ֻý̨ϣĹ롣
躹ޣһز֪¶ģշâʱıԡ
ǲȡıԣɾ˵Ĵҵ
κɵԪҲ躻֮ϻλģȻʮư͡
κڻ̵ԪĵذκֶӡТʱ͢רȨ
ɱ¾ԪȻγ»ɣܵһͷ
װ𣬹һʱ䣬ֶ˵˺Ҳ˵ˡ
װưװ˽ʮꡣТׯĩ꣬˸淢˵Ǽ٣Ļ
ϲ棬ϰмסǸط֮Ԫ
Ϣæӵûͱץ񣬵òʲô֤ݣ
ַ
κ꣨Ԫ530 10 £ԪΪۣɱТ
ׯۣʱǶ¡ԪΪֵۣ
ư͡Ǳɶ岮ǰȥԪʵˣԪҲ
֪Ʒش仯岮ڱ˵գʮ
ư˵˻岮ϲãԪλ˻ʵۡ
աǡп˵һ仰Ԫ仰˼
˵ҪֻҪʵʵжͿˣ躹޵ķкܶ࣬װ
ҲʧΪһ֣ԪװưʮȻ˻ʵۡ
Ҳ£ԡաΪ֮װӽ
ѡһƬһ˶޻סһ졣
һΣһҳȥѰʳһﲼ
˻ءϣɻʱһסˡһӶ
ֻܻ࿴ź͵ᡣʱһֻϴ˵һ
ð취ǸһǾװԵ룬Щһﶼˡ
ȻͰǶڵϣʱǾһ
һˣ춼һû˿ɣ
ǴӰϽһֻֻϣǿʱһ
ˡ
⽻ϣϡжȲܳɹҹʱ⽻ϵӣ
ɶ⣬ĹСĹԪס껣á
ϡ֮ľڴм䣬Ȼ档
Ԫ껽Ĺ֮󣬱΢ڵȴǷԱཫ
Ϊռס̣ȡ⽻ߣ
ʵǿԼϵôìܣʹ
ʼմڰȻĵλ
Ԫ껼λʱγĳ֮ˣɹ͵ʱ
Ԫ껲ȡˡɿΡķ룬һͬɹȢƽҮΪ
ޣ׵߾ӭףͬʱҲγţȴگ鲻򣬲γʹ
ڡʱı߾ţСģͻϣԪԪĽ飬¶
ʱţʹγһǧӦ
Ĵ˼δ̣еĵʱɹ룬ڱ߾
˵񣬲ɡ֮סĻӣѹԪ껡Ԫ껲
ʾҲսɹ߾Ͷģε̸УɹҪЮ
жƳ͵Ĺϵ񻯡ʥٱԪ껼
ƲãΪ˱սͬγǩԼټֳʱ
塱⡣͵ɾٻɾݣ
1044 ꣬Ԫ껲áյ롱ֶΣںɽɾȻŴ
ͬͣչɹʹΡɡԴڶ֮ơ
ԪԾ¸⽻ڴʤ̺ͣƶ⽻
ʱܹڰʱìܣķ룬Ҳ
֮ذڴ֮һҪԭ
֮֮˵ϲʱҪ
̫һȡĿʵۡǵ꣬
һ̫ƽ󣬽ΪκҸ
ָ̫⡣
ʮһ죬̫ΪﵮȺϯ䣬̫ڸ˵
֮ǰҶȡ£ǷĹͣҾ
κĹ͡ȡƯ嵶͸κ
ˬؽ˹κȴԵصӣ˵ʵ֮
ֺ̫֣ʵ˻κ˵Щ¼
֮˵Ҳûо̫֮֮ڷǳ
죬ʵѵҵ²ȥ𣿡κôʣ˵
Ȩ۳Ǹˣ÷ȥ̫ڲʣ
Լأκ¹ȥܵĹңԽԽã
Ϊκˣİã˵ȥ̫˵
ģǹȥһЩô˵ͬأκش˵
ΩȺң˽ɣؽܣһ
ȻһЩܾòеԾ
æʣʲô𣿡κ˳˵¸ռλʱԪʦ
٤ɣΪշɲӦ̣½
Ѽֵ깫԰͸˵͵̫ˣ˵λ
û٤ǵһԵúؽ
ǽɡ˵ǰûʸ²飬˵
˲ƣյصذϰգŮиǹдġ
ºݺ˵ҪҲʹһˣȡһǮŮû
ͷأԷ̰Ͱʸ²ΣֻΪʱ
Ȱ˵Թų飬ֱʣע⣬ֱ
ʾͽڻٰ²ûڻʸ²Ρǿˡ
̫Ϊϲ·ǳãκĳƪ֮󣬲
ûŭƴЦ˵Ҫղ˵ĳ¼еϣ
ĶԼҪʷдʷС
κ̫ڣǳ̫ڸ˺ͷʱʹʵ۽ܶɵ
ʱץסᣬ󵨵ʵ۽ɣʹʵȻںԡ
ӡһƪǡءءıǿϡ
ڡӡһб˷ḻĺ壬ǻ廹ָϡ
ӡһΪһһ﷢չձɣʶ
ĹؼҲǽ˵ĺͳõķ
ӡһġйͳǻǶеģݺ
ڶǡ۱֮Чһľ
ݺĹһǣԷ͡µȣ
ʹԷ֮ʹԷղء
֮öԷΪնԷöԷղΪ˼ᶨԷĳ
⡣һһϵĿΪöԷʵͼıȫ¶ԱԶԷ
׼ȷĹƣȻݲ̽ʵʩ˵˵ʱҲǻ֮
֮ʱֻܳԷ˵˵֮طʱҪأʱ
ڱſýȥ˵ˣ˵ҡ˵˵¡һһ
ķһԲϻϣ˼ָںϣϵ˼
ָڿãûʲôԳɹġ
Թ͢еĽ󳼣һһвϵζ
ĳЩС˵ܸݺŭ˻ʵۣɱ֮֮֡
׻˵úã黢⻰ǧȷ
ǣÿĽͷܹԩ
Ľ󳼵ģǧԹ˵һܵĻ
ʵ۵ģʹȻôϾͿѣתΪ
纺ةΣһ򺺸ԷеĴƬ
øϰո֡ԷһרΪʵϷǲĴƬ԰֣
һةȻҪԼ԰֣ȻŭΪο϶ǽ
ϰպǴǮƣŹȻ˵µġ
˾Ա͢ξδʱ͢ξר泯͢ӡ
ֻҪʵ϶ĳ͢ξٲϧʹ˷ֺûϣ
İν͢ξô϶УƺҲϴ
ˡҪͷԱһλǰȰ˵
񻹼ǵԭԼgı¶Դ
ֵʱǼֻ꣬ةһפعУеİַǳӵةࡣ
ة֮ģô֮ؾͲǱµˡة಻Ǹ
ʱȥԼıʱȥ̰ռպ˵һС𣿡
һϯҪидʶԼ³ç
ةһƬģǳǵΡ
һλԪѫܲҲצӭĵۡ
ж߰Ĵ󹦡ɺصԼķغһЩɺܲ
ļαС˱ûĵܸܲͼı췴ĵ۾ȻҲ
æ͢ξܲ׷ķɣͼı췴ߣ
ҪҪ塣ڴҪλĹԪѫ
ͷϵʱ򣬱̫Ȱĵ˵
ϻûмλʱܲȻĻʵ
ͳ˧ӱıʱһںң
ͼȨ¡ݻصԼС
Сסôʱıأ
ĵһǶʱɢة֮
κܲˣ˵ǵͷѾ޷صʱˣ
ȴһϯ֮жʱתΪһల£ⶼһϯľ

ȻתΪȴҲҪǲһľ
ʵۻӹôͲˡ
پһӡĩ꣬ȥة֮گ
Ԫ֮ۡܺԪ۵أ˱ʱһЩ鳼
£¡ʷߡ¹ٺ빧ʯԵʡ빧ʯԶ˿
׼ʱԪǰܸ֮ܿ⹴ᡢרó
齫֮ˡ͢ξʱԪۺͿ֪͢ξ
ʲôģΪ͢ξҲ޹ؽҪǾͲ˼ͬ
һ顣޵Ҫټ֮ˡر˵ѱؽڼˡԪ
һ󾪣æǳص͢ʱʷܹ
ָʹԪ˵¸ոռλûԵ½̻£
ԼʦȻѾͽ͢ξӦ̰Ĺְ
Ȼʾ¡Ԫ۲⣬ǽ֮˱Ϊˡ
桢ĵһܹȰ棻޵ۻӹ
ܣμ鳼ڲһĶԱȡ
ȨΪʵߵĳͣη
սսıһԲһ²ԱΪ
촦
Ե˵һǿȨڵ˼ۣȡֶμԦ
ٹ١ʹգάͳελһϸ
ٹ١˽顣һ볼ͻŵ޽ӴУͳ
ݳŵһһжϲŭȡᡣҲ£Ų
ࡰһԡһ֮١
۵ʱδ빬Ϲ÷ܺϲ
һʱ岻ãºڹͥԡȺ
۲ȬȻֹǰ˲٣λǳĵ
Ϲߵָ˵
ǲΪһٿһˣ
˵׼ϹϹϵ
Ҳô룡һ˵ʥǷǡҹ
£Ļ˼ιأʧְԸɱԸԱ㣬ֻ
Ҫʥ彡޺
һϯδ˵꣬Ϲ۱Ϲҳϴ򶯣
˶أһεﶼξʹ
گνʶƵ
޶żһλ󳼽ձ˹ڻ
󹬵붼Ӷǣӻʵǰʱס͵
ۼۣΩձܼʱòϡĿбӣ÷׳
ߴ󡣺Ϊձ̬жձΪࡣ
c ξܵ۵ر谮ںگϹ
һ˸󳼡ձϹ֪ܵпɼ
ѡȡ˵Ӣ©ĸ䡣ʱʤѽ
Ϊ㡢˵ʱֲͬ
ʹáʹһıʱӦע¼棺
1ʵʳʵ㻹ءԼ
νá
2ӦЩ࣬Щ࣬Щ࣬
ЩࡣһҪǰ
ͶԷ˵౳
ӡĿ֮ڵ÷չҲҪ硰ء
⣬غЧ棬á֮Ϊá
Ϊ롰áϣЧ档
ںשʹһĶػһĶص
յЧ200 Ķ40 Ԫ
ǰ꣬ȡԽϴôôȡԴ˷
ء˵ȡؿӿݣׯڡ
쵼һʣשȡõĶǧˮÿø40
Ķ͵ٲ2 򹫽ˮʮ20 ﰡмƻ淶
ȡһĶһĶܸǰյʳÿĶٲİٹ
ǲáƽСƽ桢ƽ족ȡʹԴõ˺
á
һһʹÿغͱԴ棬ҵѽ
㣬ĿǰһЩͺ˱أеΪ
ġשЩשֻ׬Ǯȡԭ޹滮ȡһƬͷ
һƬһƬһƬȻˣȴ˷ˡש
һһʹسѭĿǰשֳֿʵ
ǡһģҵɱϽͣЧ
ߡ
һıڴ۸ӵĹζУڹ
֮Ҳô

Ӧڶ
[ԭ]
֮ߢ٣ξԹڣ֪ţ
֪񣻷֪ˣ֪ʵ֮ݣŶ
֮зøߣʥ֮Ҳɲ졣
ߣҲߣĬߣҲԣǢࡣвϢߣ
֮Ӧس(11)б(12)(13)Թ
Ρ£߱Ҳ(14)£ʵ
Ҳ(15)ȡҲ(16)˾֮£Գ֮
˵֮Ҳ֮ޱ(17)Ϊ֮(18)֮
Աģ飬֮(19)˸ȣ
֮Ϯ֮֮֮²ʧǣʥ(20)½Բɡ
Ʒߣ˱(21)Ե顣䵱Ҳ֮Ҳ֮
󣬵鲻鲻󡣱ȣзǣԻ֮
Ĭŷ(22)߷£ȡ롣(23)ߣ֮
(24)ͬʵͬ顣ˣ(25)ϣ
(26)α֪ͬ죬թ(27)ҲĬ˳룬
ϲŭɴԼʽ(28)ȶΪ֮Է󸴣(29)
ôߣƽǣ£۴ơ£΢
֪(30)̽˶ڣҲӦʧ(31)(32)
ָ֮(33)֮ʸ
֪֮ʼ֪֪(34)Ҳ֪ҲĿ֮(35)
Ҳ֮죻Ҳ֮ӰҲҲʧʯ֮ȡ
룬֮ȡܹ(36)Ҳ΢Ҳ
Բ뷽緽ԲδԲԵ֮ȼη֮ң˾
֮Ѳȶ˲(37)òɣνʧȶ
룬߶ݣĪţν񡱡
[ע]
ٹ֮ߣǽָ̻ʥˡ
ڷԹͬǷ˼׷ݹȥ
飬оԵǰʶδ
۶ָ˶;ֹʵα˼
δڡ
޷øȥоڣԶĶԲߡ
߶Ҳ˷ԾǶ
ǣߡš顣
вϣ˵Ļ
ӦӦ
(11)󣺷󣬷ԭαȽϣȷ
(12)ȣȽϣԭȽȷ
(13)ȣбȽϡ
(14)Ͷһ㣬ڽ̸ʱԷնԱԷ
ͷ
(15)֣jǲӵҰ޵ǲˮ
(16)ᣬۼ˼
(17)ޱȣԴǲܽбȽϡ
(18)Ϊ֮䣺ı䷽
(19)֮е˵
(20)ǣߺߡ
(21)ָߵҲָؼһ־ľɢ仯
(22)ղءֹ
(23)飺Ļ
(24)֮ǣ󡢱ԦԴǡ
(25)˻ˣ鷢ˡ
(26)ϣ£·߹۲顣
(27)թϺα
(28)ʽʽ̬̬ơ
(29)Уֱŵı⡣
(30)΢֪ࣺ΢Сϣ۲ı仯
(31)ӦʧͬڷһӦ
(32)ߣ˼
(33)ࣺ࣬˵е֡
(34)֪֮ʼ֪֪ˣҪ֪ˣͱ˽
˽Լ󣬲֪ˡ
(35)Ŀ֮㣺һ˫۾һ㣬βΣ
ޡ
(36)ܹǣտĹͷ⡣
(37)˲ܹؼԦˡ
[]
ŴԴ̻ʥˣι棬ȻﻯĹ
ɡ˶ٻײδȿ֪ţҲ֪񡣼ȿ
˽Էֿ֪ѡ
顢ʵ˶ԭδڵòʵͿ
˼ʷȥǰ˵ľ顣ЩҪ̽ܰաʥ˵
⣬ɲо
˵Ƕ̬ģѼĬǾ̬ġҪݱ˵
ںԷԴìܣҪ׷ԷĴ
ͻ֡
ԣñΪҪ۲
ĺ塣һ˵ģ¼ԱȸԴǣȻ
ΡĹԴǣնԷ˵ҷҪ֪£
ӶõˡǺϵࡣſҰһһЩ
ŶҰ޾ͻЩѲҰ޵ķϣֻҪˣ
Էͻѡǵ˵ġҪ׷
ԷӶԷԴϲܽбȽϣҪı䷽á󡱵
ֶΣʹ֮жԷ˼롢УƶԷѷȥ
Էٶ˫ԴǾȣоˡ
͵ϮԷ䵫ʧڡԴǡáԴǡʥ
Դյˡߣʹ²ɡ
ڴӷۣԸı񣬶̽ʵ顣
Ӧ䣬ܵõԶֵĿƣҲܡƲܣõ
ͲˣõˣͲʵҪȣ
ãҪ˵Ա۲ԷķӳҪ˽ѾҪĬ
ҪҪҪߣҪ½ҪȡҪȸ롣
Ҫ˽Է飬ҪģºȵķԱնԷԴǡ
ͬԱ˴˺ӦϺʵʵĵйͬĽ
ԭ򣬻Ǹԭ򣻻̷Ҫ
ֱα˽ͬԷֱʵ鱨ǹթƭֹͣ
˵ĬҪͨЩֳϲŭҲҪЩģʽ
ȷ÷ʽõԷĻӦԹ۲Сַ
˼άķԼҪƽԱȡԷԴǣ˵
۴ơȻûۼ鱾ǿԸϸ΢ף̽ͬ
Ĵ¡̽ҪӵоƵ˵˵ͼ
Ϸһɿһ٣Źһ׼ȷ
ҪҪȴѿʼֻ˽ѣȻ˽
ˡ˽ˣĿһӰ棻նԷ۾
һ˶ԷΣӰһԷԴǣ
ôʯ룬Ӧͷȡϵһһʧѱ
¶Է΢΢ֵжҪʮѸ١
תԲ䷽תԲһ硣δǰҪԲ
ջ֣ԺҪ÷սʤԷǰ
󣬻ңơѲȷ
ԣͳ˧˾ûй淶ûʧ
ȷԣԴͳˣҪ¶ͼ˿
ŵڣͿԳΪ񡱡
[]
ƪӦʵǲһֻػ˼ڶԿĹ۲
Сֻлػ˼ܽӽ¼Ŀ壬֪
ΪҪ֮Ϯ֮֮֮²ʧǡ
һԵˣ˽뷴ʷԤδʵΪ
ݣ˼ʥ֮
ƪ˰նԷ̸֮ġ֮ν֮
˼˵滰ǷܵĸСʱҪ˶Է
Է黹ǹթʷִü¼
ʡ˵С֮۲֪Ҫ
紺ʱȰԽȱ治ģ
ҲԽüƣܹ֮ѡ
ʧ̰ͼǰ棬ҪȥȰ˵
ϰײͬԲͬʹǵõҲܾס
õİҲʹԽڣؽ·
ϰһͨǵõԽܹסõԽİܹ
ʹԽҹҲˡԽȥĻ
ȴɱҰһȻܻʤ
ׇ̫p˵Ļšսʤ
ȻƱԴѹ֮һḩǾһٽ
ҰһԭСΪ̫
ׇp˵öԣׇ̫pļı
˼꣬Խ˱Ĺϵ
𢣬ƽҲ׽ʱ˵
֪Ļڵʲôأý
ɱˡ
˵Ϳûʱ޷ʹף֮
Ȼ׹Ҳˡ˲֪ڿϵĲȷ
ģŷԼ㡣
ôʲôأԽܣԽҪ
ͣҪ򸾵ۣӦˡ
ίи֣ôǰ
סɽʯÿΪǣָ
Ҳںü˳ۣʼձһѱףַĻġ
һΣˣڱ÷Ԥһ£֪˲þͻã
ȥ̽ʲ飬׿ڳ˳ķ㣬أ˵
Ĳܿͻõġô֪ͺ˵ҽ
ѧҽֻҪһ˵ķ㣬֪ءղҳ˴
㣬ζ΢е࣬ҽĻ˵ǵˡʱ֢֮Բ
ãصġȻ죬ĲͺˡΪԼ
ĶӻТ˳ܸжͰѹŻعȥ
ع֮нʮԺڱѩܣ
ƪеͶʯ·ն뷨ĺҪֶΡ罻ε
ҪʱݶԷӦƶԣԱʩչԼֶΣӦ¶
١
գknѦأﵽԤڵ
Ŀġ
սʱʿϳַȥְ󣬱صԼ
Ѧúõһʱ䣬ǳϵطϷڹ
ƻٱѦ顣ֻԮܽȼü֮ϳͬ
ַȷʵÿڡʱǡɷ֮ʹĴգ;
˳㵽Ѧ۳ʺϳһϢϲ⣬룺
һжҪˡ
׸ŮԼߣ˺ܻ飬Ʊ磬
ǲÿζʹǿǣѧʲһ
ɣ˽̸ʱڲչɫɴ˿¶˵ʵˡ
պеĹϵϳĹϵҲС
ѦʱϳֱʱԵΪУ
˵˹ѦأѾûбİ취̷ˡյ
ͷʾ죬ξϳ
սϳ󣬼ᶨ˵һָʾ
ص붼˼ʹߵʵ
Ϊ۳Ԯʵڳôˣץ
סʱ˵Ҹеŵǣ˵̣Ѧ˵
֪֮
ǹѻתѦԾرǣ
ߣȲʵô£˹˵Ѧ
ԼڵؽȴڳҪѦأ
ȰѦ֪֮Ҳ̫ˡ
ָľ鰡
һɫ˵ѽأǸϿ췢
ԮѦѦزŵԱȫ۳þȡ
Ȱ˵Լ˿¶
μԾѦ
Ӧǡӡйڴ̽鱨һַ
ķӦڳ˵ķӦרָ̽ʹַ
ı仯ӡһΪ˵Ƕ̬ԼĬǾ̬
⶯һзҲݺҶġԼһԭͨĳ
Դǣ̼ԷڣٸݶԷĻ飬в
򲻺ĵطٻ̽󣬴ӶԷͬпԷһУ
õԷʵ顣
ʵСӦһһЩȴ룬ֻҪ
õ֮ΪֲʹԷ˵
ãҪģºͱȽϵķöԷĶ
һ¶ʵ飬Աƶ֡ҪͨķӦȫ
ӦʱһЩСı磬Ҫ˼˵ԼȳĬ
ҪöԷԼҪʹԷѻͷԼȥҪ
ʲôȸԷͷһСıҪԷĽ䱸
㵹ʵ顣⻹ҪαͨȽϣųҪͨС
Ʋ£̽Ҫ׼ȷҪѸ٣Ҫ˽Լܸõ˽
֣ҪְѸһУ۲ֵҪ棬
ʯһԼ¶ֵĶ΢΢õĶҪ
Ѹ١
ǹӵͽغݳɹǰ˸
ţȥ˵ػػعǿƣ
ͳһ¡ʼûɡ·ˣǮҲ
ˣֻ뿪عؼˡ
˵⵽ܾؼҺҹʮ䣬ó飬
ҵ̫дĽСı飬ж̿ധĦˣ
˯ʱ򣬾׶ӴԼĴȣһʱ䣬˼
һΪĲԡ
ǣȥԹȰ˵ԡ롢ࡢκ
عصŷǳ࣬͡ڸ
ӡͬصԼݣɢᣬԱѹع
ûкķһʳûһʿûöһңû
۶һ֧ʹںݼı໥װʤֵܡ
û˸ҺԿعϾ⽻ϵ
ԵĻԳתƣΪġҲǷӦľʷԡ
Ԫ220 ꣬اǻκ¸ضǰףأ
Ǽ󽫾AǲԤΪؿ֮Сǣߵ·
ˣûܸϲاĵǻ졣
Ժһξϣاֹ˵Ϳɽ
ټ·ᣬ㱻ɱκͬ죬
ȴ˵˵ʲôԵʰɣاѷϱɱĵ˵
˼Ǹ߹ҪԼԴش˻ԣش𲻺
ɱɡ󣬻ش˵˵ƵʱԵ̵ĳ
ʱΪ˥ˣſʼʹ̷ʢ̷
֮ã֪ԲɱҲŸ١
اãûдΪӺݴʷӷ
ͤ
й˵еҢ˴λʱպ֣
԰ιʱڳΪʢذѲاݣش
ӦԻǣԼҵõӦߡ
ΣʷҲ¡ǲܲµĴ󽫣
һʱ䣬ڲܲٶӵб֮⡣ܲˣ
˱ַȺȰɣܲٲᵶزȺɣһܱ
ĻۿҪ
ʱöϮܲȶԶϮ˵ҵĴƼ
ͱȰˡϮŲܲٵĻ˵ʲôһ֪ء
ܲ˵ң¸δϮ˵Ǹ
أܲٻش˵˶ѡϮ˵ֻ߲ߣ
ֻʥ˲ʶʥˣǷˣô˽ʥأ
Ǿͻ˵ֻ۸ķߣĺǿ
ֻ˱ˡ˲˵½䣬˱˲˵
ʴȡôʲôôأܲ󣬳
ã˵˵Ĳ˺ܵ񸧣
ܲ٣ԺͺãһҪڲսڶϮȰ˵֮±
ˡ
Ԫռ̫ƽԺ󣬷ɽկƹԪ˧Ұɱ
ɽҪأжԪ谾ľߣԼͲïʱ
ˮ½·̫ƽԪ谵õϢӭУͬʱ
һƵҰȾıǰл֮УҰͻΧ
ʱܻԪûɱ̶ɰ󣬲ԸοҰ
˵ҪɱɱҲʲôãԪЦ´ң
ʤ˼Ҿ͹˳㣻ʧˣ͹˳˼ңӦͨʱ䣬
αأҰȳ˺һͬͶӦдн¡
ԭҰǽԪ谲ɱ֮ͶıɽԪ谵
ıȰԪ谰ɱԳ󻼡ƽ
˵˸־׷ԪˣǸԼɣͰѳ
Ұųȥ
ãԪ谻ʦ죬ҰԪٺϱػһ
Ԫ谾ӲŶսհܣҰȳʤ׷
;Ӷᣬ޶;壬¬ï
±50 ˳־⻶ӭ¾䲻֮ʱ±γϰصı
ҰȿȥҰȺͲʮ˱ɱ
ҰӳȾȸಿбפɽԪӺ
֮ƣԿ̫ƽ꣬Ԫٴλʦ죬
ڶݡֻһۣԪ谾׽˳ȣսಿˡԪ
谲û׷ȵʦ֮һߪʱԪҹ
ǽ̫࣬Ψ䣬ΪӦáҲ̻̲Ψ
ѱԪ谷󣬾ʹӽмѡ׳
ԼҹԪԼ⣬ֻòһУ
Щǻߡ˯ʱԪ谶ϴףȥսۣ
һ˯ӴͶǵȫ̤ʵˣĸԸΪԪ谳

ԪδսҲѵ£Ԫ谲áΪϡĲԣԳ
ҰȸܶɱڸлĲڣʹתΪãʹԼ
һޱһ׳µսԽԽĵλ
νӦҲ˵ǷӶԷǷվڶԷϣ
۲Է˽Էһѭ˼
һվڶԷǶȹ۲۲ԷԼѭ
ʹʶⲻĿͨҼ顢Լ
ʶԲԡȷʶ׼򣻲ͨվڶԷԷ
ʵԱȡʤ
Ԫ251 ꣬󽫽άĺԵκ¤
Ӻݴʷ֤̩˵˵άֱ·һ·ɽһ·
ʯӪһ·ǡҲҪ·ãʯӪ
ݾǣ񻤾ʱɽ̩룬Խάʵ
ͱƱزܷȡ·ԼıҲ÷ֿ˵ȱ
ƣ֪˵ͼ˵άȻֻһ·
ȫڶȡҵӹ¤֪ͼ󣬳̩
ȥصҵ뽪άս̩Լʾ²֣
Ӳ
ȥ󣬲صҵʾǰ뽪άڹʹأսܣ
æܻصҵʰоءڴսʧάʤǰѵҵ
ŰΧҵΣ̩֪ԭĲã㼱
ӪǰУ棬ȥȵҵ֮Χ
ӵߞ˰ܡص˰˵
ľѰڽά˱ʢԵֵ֮ʵΪں֮
ڣ°֮ʿ¤Ҷ˵֣׳ʿ󡯡
ӱҲ˵ء˵ҪСʧ
ȫ֡ڣ¤ҵΣԶڸߣҵǲ֮𣿽֮
ǰӦڲҵ֮أԱȻ
跨¤ʯϼơ̩˵άԶأݲ
̣ضҪѰսԣӦ߱ݣ뽻
ս֪ƣսʹ˵־Χ˵ҵά
˵ҵռ֮أפ˴нѣǼˣ
¤˴ĿŶᱻάáĻǵ鷳ʹˡ
أάԭΣʱڣأάԵʤ֮ݳǼأ
صƲͬҾҪȡʤǳסأά֮
룬ݱȻ̣ҽƵ֮ʱֻҪҾһѸ
ڶ֮ƣάɡңҾռݸߵأάձˮʹ
ϻ£񣬵˱زսߡпܲݣΧĵҵҲ
ֶãλα˵ֻأ̩ǱԽ߳룬
׼ȵҵ֮Χ
ǣⶨˣȱ֮ȴβأ̩룬άñǱ
ѰȻΧҵػɽ·֮Ԯôأ
ӳҹǱУƹ˿ı·ʾϣߵ˵ҳǶ
ϵĸɽ֮ϣȻƹ˽άķһڸɽ֮϶ٷ
ǣ߳оȱѵбʿ񡣶άԷȱͻ
ϣ𾪡άս̩ڵƲˡ
̩ıض˽ά˱֮·άæȥҵ֮Χ
⣬άûڳ̩еõһô
ⳡǵսУ̩ıֵ쾡£ס
άı֮·ҵȻӳ²ַʹһܣҵΣ
޷ʵʩƹͻȻڽάĴǰס
˵ҵٺıضϽά·˽άսһʤ˾ܲ
̩ҲǽڳޡάҲ˺ܸߵľıԣթƱȡ·
ͻȻһ·ΧҵԮ˶֣һ˿Ҳû
õ
ҵУҲҪնԷҪÿٴоձ
DC ˾ܾ˶˹˾Ķˡ
ձDC ˾ɽһҹ˾̸һ׮⣬Ѿ
֪DC ˾Ʋвͼ۸DC ˾ȫƷDC
˾ʽ޷תDC ˾ͼ۸DC 
˾ͻԪһ겻񡣵ʱɽӵķǳìܣһ
׾¶Լ˼ˡЩҪʱɽȴ˼
ȥĻƱǷ׼ˣ׼ͷ̸һ
⣬׮Ȥ
ֵĮȻ̬ȣ̸дɶͷԣæ
ֱߵ绰֮ܲãΪʱҲЩƷܲ¾
ԭЩƷDC ˾þˣǲòɽ˵̸
Լìܵı졣
¼»ˣ𽺴ǰҲִҵóɹ
ǰѹʵ¼»ҵңĹӪܡ1914 ꣬ƸΪ
¼л˾ӢĲƿ⣬ɰ뽻񡣵ʱ
йӡлֱַ͵ġͰ桱α͡л桱
̿飬Ǹ໪ѧУõĩľɿαǰĿ
񣬸еʧڳϵ½̿ת۸
УΪ˾Ӯһʿɹ۵롣
1928 8 31 գǰԼĹ˾𽺹˾֮ǰ
׼԰ģʱպһλӢ׼ع
µ1000 ӢĶ԰10 Ԫ۸ۡǰ֮Ȼ
¼θʾԣΪ԰ͻˡ˲ȥ
԰ٱˣҲߡǰΪ԰۸񽫻ᱶΪ
׼ڸý԰޽·˹·ϻҲ
Ǯѽ԰
ãǰԤԱʵڴ˽԰޽·԰
23 1928 ꣬ǰƬ԰ԴԼ40 Ԫĸ߼۳
ڶ̶һڣǰ;׬30 ҡǮ
湫˾
ڲͣر仯仯̲Ļ޶ã
ץסߣźһսڳߣɡ
Уһǰȡ裬СԷâһհԶͨ
ɼɹڻǰˡ
ϿͳһҵУĻҪֶΣ˵
ǺϿĺѧͳһģ̳еʫ̵İ
֤ˡϿͳһĺĻͿԼǿϿ
ϵӶӰ̨嵱֣ٽͳһ̣ĻǱ
ġԡľ֮һʵ˵סԷԸж
ˣʹҲܸлӶƽ﷢չ֪
̨庣Ͽĺѧһġʮǰ֣ɹֳ
ո̨岻ą̃ѧԺͳֽ̨ѧ
ѧŽռ̨ѧ̳ʫһ㡣
֣ɹո̨дһЩʫ˵̨尮ʫġ
̨ʫپģʮʼ˸Ȼǧͣʹز
롣
1895 ̨屻øձսױ̨ڶɼľӹ
дʫ㷢黳硶ǲǿɽ
¾Ǳİͬһޣȥո̨塣
׵ĺӢ18351917 ꣬ʱѧɽ֮
̨һʱҲдʫĻѪݻ껯˴񣬼˿δϡ
Ʈξ춫̨ϡ
ЩʫԹɥʹļף֮˷θձ
ħƵ̨ʫ䣬䲻ηǿĵİǡ1913 
¼б޸ǣ18851914 ꣩29 꿶ʱ
ʫͻһոͬѪѰ£Īƽ
ɡ
20 ½˶Ӱ죬̨ѧ˶׻
ʫʼУ1925 0 £йɽĽĴ
ձͳµ̨̨мǧԶе̨ѧ˶
ĵҾ19021955 ꣩Ϊдɽʡ
еλйΰĹ˿Ϊ
ɥˡϢҵھʧ˻һԭ
סϡ
1931 4 ·ձͳ߲бѹ̨ɽġ¼
Ϊ̨ѧ֮ͣд¡Ϲ衷߿ձֳ
ͳεѪȱУֵǣһƴ??
ǹɻѵĿǰҸȻҲΪ
ձͳ̨ڣȫջʹúġһЩ̨ѧ
Ҿдʫ㷢黳дġδ
źƽԶμģϿ??ǧѪҺ
סظӰӣǣأһ
Щ黳̨ʫ裬̨̳л崫ͳͬ½
Ѫ֤˵ͳһԸͳһʷı
Ȼ
ҵſϵ֮ס˿ͣѾȷΪµӪ

ӪҵܣҵľЧ棬ٽ
ҵչҪԽԽáǣڵǰӪ
ʵУŹͨӪȥù˿͡ˡ
ֹ˿͡Ӫ󡣱ֹ˿ͣҪϵ֮ԡϵ
סԷɹס˿ͿԿ˷ӪʵеƬԣӪ
УÿҵбҪչֹ˿͡ӪϵӪҵ
˿˵൱ҪġϵӪҵͨŬ˿֮
á̵ĹϵֹϵʵҵӪĿꡣһ˵
ʵпֲͬεġϵӪо£
Ĳʵϲϵ磬γԱ΢Ц
˿һγڹ˿Ϳߵʱֵټ˿ȴҲ
λԱʱֻܸ򽻵
ӦӪǹϵӪĵڶΡԽγӪΪԱ
͵ʱ˵Ҫǳʲôëʲô⣬ʹ绰ҡ
ظŴ绰һġ
ӪǹϵӪĽϸʽϣԱڳ
ڸ³绰ѯʶ³ĿԼǷʲôֵø
ĵط˿Ϳܻ˵ϣܶһӣҲйˮ
??Ϣ̸ܰĽĲƷ
ϵӪĸ߲ǻӪԱʱʱظ˿ʹ绰˵
˾ҵһְʡȼϵķǿΪϼһ
װáӶù˿͸оҵһֱڹעǵҪ
ϵӪ߲ǻӪӪҪҵ
õĹϵͨҵõĹϵͨҵк
ڷ˫Ӫڵ⣬Ӷٽ˫ĹͬչӪһ
ҵӪ
һ˵Խϸ߲εĹϵӪþԽߡˣһҵ
ϸ߲ǷֵáҵӦҪءһ
Ӫҵߵͣǹ˿͵ڵ˿ͽ϶ҵ
ҵĹϵӪڻϽУڸ˿ٵҵ
ͳ豸ۣҪ˫кγĻϵ

ڢٓbڵ
[ԭ]
֮£Զעۣܣ֮ãȥ֮Իǰ
ݣң˼½ړbؽ᱾ʼޡԵ£
ѣԲƻԲآߡ⣬룬
ף裬ͣȥȥ˼˼uĸ֮
Ҳ޼䣬ޣĪֹ֮
߽˵ǣbߓbıҲԶߣҲߣ־
ҲͶߣ߲ҲȥߣҲԻǰߣ
ʩҲң˼ߣıҲԻΪ֮
߼棬˵֮߼ǡ飬⡣ÿɳ룬
bɿ
ʥ£Դ֪bɷ¡塢֡ıȡ
ʫ顷˵(11)ȥ(12)ߣڣȥߣ
(13)߱(14)(15)ɾ֮ʧƣ
¡ҵ(16)Իbںϡϰ(17)Ҳ(18)
b֮(19)Ե(20)ⲻ˵(21)֮(22)
ӭ֮ȥ֮Σ֮ת򻯣Ī֪Ϊ(23)Ϊ(24)
[ע]
ڣɵ˼ҲԼĹ۵㡣
ړbjinͨ饣Ϊšмֵ˼геرա
⡣
ԶףԶʵܡ
ܽ裺ܣʵΪԶ
á˼
ؽ᱾ʼأƽʼԴƪָھ֮䣬
һӡ
߲أǷء
uĸ֩룬ÿ볲ѨʱҪһһѨڼӸԷС
ࣺơͬ㡣
ܡıԡֶΡ
(11)ȡʫ顷˵棺áʫ͡龭֤
ԼĹ۵㣬԰ᡣ
(12)ȥͣǷӦ
(13)ڣȥ⣺˶ʹϣ˶ʹ롣
(14)߱ھʱ׵
(15)£ƶϽ顣
(16)ҵıƲҵ顢Ӫ
(17)ϰΣ˵ӹ
(18)Ҳ廣Ҷܱͨ
(19)b֮ؼҲʹ档
(20)ԵãΪ
(21)˵˵Ľԡ
(22)֮˼Ǳ
(23)ˣȫ
(24)ǣ󷨣ԭ
[]
֮飬еľԶȴܣеľܽȴԶ
еȴʹеԺƸ롣е춼ܼ
ȴΣеʮңԶȴ˼ڲйɣ
ƽĶ뱾Դϡõϣϣ
߿Ǯϣ߿ϡҪһţҪ
ͽȥͳȥ׽׽ԶԶӽͽӽ
ȥȥƸþƸã˼˼ͺĸ֩С֩һ
ʱۼȥʱۼǰԷأ˭Ҳûֹ
νڡǽܲνbǽıߡ˵
Զȴ׽ˣΪⰵϣܽȴ
ԶˣΪ־ȤһְζõˣΪ
ƲûʵЧְȥٱƸˣΪű仯ŵ
ʵ֤Уÿ춼ǰȴεˣΪΪʵ
㣣ңԶȴ˼ˣΪϣμ
ϴ¡˵ûпԷ֮ǰȥ˵ˣԸΥ
ʵʱȥ˵Ȼûкýֻ˽ʵȷ
ȥԼţſԳȥԽԽɾ
ֿԷԼţӦ䡣
ʥݴȼ֮ȼ֮
Դڵ¡塢ֺͼıǡʫ͡龭Ľ̻壬
ۺϷ׵ʧǾλְҪ˺Ҫڲ
ŬҪ뿪ְҪ档£ȷ
ۺͷԤδڸѴϡòʱû
ʧ󣬴Ӷҵͻ۵գҪʹǴҵ
ڲŽһ¡
ӹ񣬻ҲΪ£ִ
µִ⣻˼룬Ϊǡ£
͢گԼȻҲҪӭӣҪܾگʱҲҪ
跨һִԲתһͲ缱ˣõġ
[]
ŴϵǺѴġպգҲڡһ֮£
֮ϡһȻߵĹϵǺ΢ġӦѣ
Ӧα䱾λжȣһŴѧʡ
˼ʹϵҲڴˡ¼ϵУڼìܣҵ
ӪУжȵشĻʹԷҷͼҲǷǳҪ
ġ
ƪΪړbָ˵Ӧأţ½ң
Ϊ
ƪۼˣĹϵړbǰ£ѵ
ĿԭΪأݡԡ顱Ϊģ
ΪӦԱ֮ͨǹӵ˼룬Ҳ֮飬á顱
Ժϣʧ顱ȥǽҵĸ
ڹŴ˵ıʿǣ֮ͽ԰ɹΣԡ
ֱԲױ˽ܡ鶯ˣˣ嶯˳Ч
սʱԹĹԻˣԪǰ266 ̫꣩ʱ
ڶ꣬عɱٽԹƺΣԹ
ȱ˵̫ӳҹʣǲ
̫ԼСӣӦǷ׷Ȱɣ
̫ǲ˵˭ȰɣҾҪ
ĭһ˭ȥȰˡ
ʦһƲߣǰȥ̫̫
ԵúߵúҶغ̫˵Щ
лʹ̫΢һЩţ˵ԼĶӣ˼
Ϊı¡̫˵شӦˣԴΪһ
⣬̸˳ΰӵĵ̫ΪѾ
ЩҲˡ˵Ϊ룬ܹ⿴ǰӦ
Ľҵ̫ڱ˵ˣͬɳ
ȥʡȻԹΣ
ړbǡӡйڽ׼ıķ˵
ĹϵʹԼҪõ¡ѻƻֶ˵ϵ
һֻҪˣͿԶڡʹ˲Լ
Ʋߣb跨ԼļƲߣҪ跨ʹԼĵ뱻˵߰ϣ
ʹԼ־뱻˵һ£Ҫ跨õãʹĳԭ򱻽ְ
ҲҪ跨ٶȱãҪʹԼΪڷִ硢壬ʹԼı
һ¡Ҫձ˵ߵ뷨ܲжȫ
Ժ󣬾ͿԿƶԷ
ʱڣŰΪة硢ߥ
ıɱ档ۺǻ
澪ŴѶѲ泼گ飺׷
ߣＰ塣һͷԣЯ塢

һñǿ̣˸ѪͷΪ
ƽ
Ѷ塢档ʶһϯ̸˵۲ʹ
Ŀɿڴ뵽ССԹţǣߪ
ΪءΪء
ĵۼλ壬֪µ¸صĳ˭
𣿡
޳Ϊǵ¸صĳߡ
ĵҡҡͷūУ治ܼأ۽ˣҲ
ϵ¸صĳߣ
ߵͷıʱگȫ׷
Ｐ壬֪⣬׷ʹҪ
⣬Ҳ֪պҪȥأϵսʧ
Խ˵Խ𾢣Ժܾľӣ
ҲΪšһūÿνܹ
ʿ䡢ʿҲȿֺʹͳ壬ΪضսҲֵãѵ
Ϲָӣʿȥʵϣʿս
ƣŷɱʿ䣬˵ʲôأ
ĵһ⣬Ȼ룺һλͳ
ʱսʧѱְ죬ãһگְ
ٻУ̫ء
ĵǰֱ㼺档ʹĵ۶ٿéǰӣ
棬Ҳһλ;ѽ֮䣬ӦԳ
ړbǡӡйڽ׼ıķڡʹ˲ȡ
ԼļƲߣb跨ԼļƲߣ鶯ˣˡ
ʷϳһһıǬ¡
˳ʥڸռʱͼıҵԣ
һıı߾µķԺΪ֮ܶı
Ŀꡣ
ݷӦƸҪʹ˾ΪҢ˴һ
ʥʹҢ˴ʱһİҵԺĹɣʹ
ΪҢ˴ʥ¡
˵ڸң̸䶡ڸҰõΪ࣬
˵˵ƪ£书ǳһ
뻸ɰҵسǿȻЩʥᵽǸе
񣬿ǣȻǵʩһΥǿʼ
ıԡ
Ȱ¸ҵˣóذ⹦
ƽ֮ءκࡢԣ湥
뺺ûһ仰Ϊʵ
ͨƣʱ˺͸أָ
չ仯ıȻʷı仯ָ˳Ϊ
δé®֪֡
߼̫ڣ̫µʶ֮ʿڽк
һҵ󣬹ҵĵƶȶһƶȻǼ
󣬶Ȼý
ӷڲ١ʱ´ңԡƽ߲ߡڡ
Ϊƶ񡢽ʧȥġǴӦ֪ƽЩط
??ȴʱǡӵĲԣȡ˺ܴʤ

ڹŴʥȼ֮ȼ֮Դ
ڵ¡塢ֺͼıԴǡı˵˵ǰ
ó׼׼ް̡֮ȷáͶáε
±׼ڵʱյõЧ
⽻ԡ顱ͨڣ֮Ӯ
40 ̫ƽս֮ձӱŰٱ
µķŭָӹ˰ɪԴ˺֮ǡ
1945 ꣬ձͶ˰ɪΪפ˾˾ձս
һʹעĿǷ׷Ԥ⣬ձҪܴģıˡ
ϵǣ˰ɪȴſˡߡ
˰ɪµһЩ뷢йһ¶ձߵޣ
ԣһͷս˰ɪܾˡΪ
ʹձ˶˾ǿҵĵִ1945 9 27 ʻ
ʹݡ˰ɪϤ󣬸Ͽ˻ſò
ӭʣϱǽӴԸ˵˰ɪ
ҶԹ˲ɿˡУҽ㣬Ҫ
ҽĸþҶҵսһ
Ρ¾ͲȡһжеȫΡ˰ɪЩ
ʮָˣش˵սҪ׷ģʿ⡣ţ
ܵռƶԴ⼸仰ʹŵķʹ
ж޴룬˵лллл
˰ɪĿߣ⵽˾һ˵ǿҷԣҪѪ
ѪǰѺָ˰ɪ޵Ļϲ⡣˰ɪ˵
ϣǳձ˵ġһȡʤΪռ߳پͲ
ܸ¡ڹĵʹվԶ

˰ɪĿ˺ܺõáʿƵձ
ռ첢δϰ1951 4 16 յ˰ɪְعʱ
󳼼ïȫ㲥ʱ˵˰ɪΪҹ
Ĺʷϵһ漣??޷Աҹְ
еϧ֮顣Ժï˵˰ɪԣʴõ
ձռ֮ԳɹһҪԭ
ձ˵ĿϵģձصӰ졣
˰ɪԣʣݵ£ؽ˺ձ˵
飬ʹռʮѡ˰ɪʵĿʹ˹Ϊ
ԭʵӰ졣
1945 8 15 ձ˹Ͷ죬ͳ³˰
ɪΪפ˾˾սձؽҪ
һʮּޡձ˾ʿӲɿ翹͸㰵
ɱȻפձںܴΣգ˰ɪȻ󵨾ͬһռ
һȥձ
8 30 ˰ɪ͵ŷɻִձľΪ˷ֹ
ķԱ䱸ɭϣٴСڶΧ۵ձˣ
ɪԱи߼ԱҲǹ
ڷɻϡһٶձյõЧձϲ
ձȷʵѾʧˡ
˰ɪձδװ£ֻǲ
Աصһսܹңʾ侲Ҫ
˵θУձԵۺ͸м
ҵӪж֮飬֮ģӮù˿͵ľС
ˣƷѹǴĻǣһ취ڲ
ʿĵķһ̵꣬ڵ˹棬Ƹõһ
ڲͬľӪƷ۸ͷ12 찴ȫ۳ۣӵ13 
18 콵25ӵ19 쵽24 죬5025 30 죬
7531 36 죬ȻûҪƷ͸ƻ
һ̵Ŀ۵Ļ⣬κһ˶ȥ
̵꿴һ󲿷ԤԣҵΪ˿͵
Ʒ۸񽵵ʱ̵񲻳Դ
ȻʵȴǷ̵Ʒʮֳһ³ĲƷѹܶ
꣬ڷ֣ñһա
ֵĸ֮Ʋ⵽˹˿͵ҽ첻ͻᱻ
ߣΪǿοЩͬء
ѷҲһˣרžӪ̡λã
Ʒʽһֱ𣬱Ʋ˼⣬ı
Ӫ
һ죬̵ſڻһ棺벻Ҫ򱾵ḷ̌
ƣ̵ŶĲƷ1úɫ
˴̶һһ̨
ߵע⣬ͨŽĿǱһ̵ϤˡһЩר̴
̣ơ飬ˣЩ˳ʾһ
ԼӺšս¡ڼΪӵ5
ֳ14 ֵĴҵ
淴һֳҵУ
ھµȸ档
11 ͣΪΪı̻ȡ
ʤһʤϵŹҴ͵ŷڸķ⽨
ֻ̻ʿͳһָӸʹ̻ʳڸ
Ĺ̫ͬϻʡ
1076 ꣬־ʥ۹ʵۺ̻ʸȨ
漤ңչƲĵزٿһȫ̻Ļ飬
̣Ҫ¹˷ԺҲ˷
˳¹ڵĴССķ⽨˱췴λս
Σ֣Э1077 1 £ֻӣ
ë¿ðϺɽԽ룬ǧǰ̻ڡ
ⲻǣں֮ǰ㵽ԶĿŵɯй
ûа취ֻǰŵɯȥݼ̻ʡ˿ŵɯ󣬽̻ʽճǱ
ţú롣Ϊ˱סʵ۱ڳǱǰġ
ʱѩ׷ף캮ضΪ֮ĺϥñһֱѩϹ
ҹ̻ʲſӭˡʷġŵɯ֮С
ָ˽̼סλص¹󣬼оڲȻɱһ
⽨ƣǵľλͷأһΣλ
һȹ֮Ա֮
衣ںǿǰܣ硣
Ȼġŵɯ֮СǱĵġⷴһƬ
λ᧿Σ£ÿȡúͽ⣬ӮôϢʱ䣬Ա
ģɽ𣬺ͽ̻ʽɹˡ
ìУжȡ
Էѳ죬ԹҶΪ£ȻѧߣԷѳҲ
ʲô
и߽̾֡Էѳѧʸ˰칫ҡṩϱ
дרѧԷѳѧÿǧ˷½1993
׼ԷѧԱΪ2800 ˣ1992 2031 ˡ
ȻԷѳѧԼ٣ѧԱѧˣй
ṩͳ˵1990 1992 ԷѧԱооѧ
һֱռ27ҡ1993 36ҡб廪ҽ
ѧԱУоռ40ϡơҽƵʵרҵо
ԷѳõԷṩĽѧʮӻԾ
ĳҽƴѧĽоУȫгѧԸ
йרҶԴǡΪĿǰԷѳѧԱУѧ
רҵǹڼǷȱġйĸߵԺУѧʵ͵
Ϊ˲šһ⣬ܴ½ϸˮƽо
ȻܻӭǧټøнõĿгɾ͵ѧΪ
ҷԷѳٵѧ߾һ
ΪˣϣйطԲѧƵԷѳѧԱԱҪơ
ʷҲй˼һʧҪʧ󡣱磬ջصĻ
Ǳһεġ
1941 12 £۱ձռ졣1945 8 15 գձڶ
ձͶʵѵеձӣӦ͵˾
սͶйս˾˾ǽʯȫɳ
Ӹ۽վͶ
ʱ쵼㣬⽻ĵˣҪջ
ۡʯ1943 귢ġй֮ˡһУҲȻΪ
ۺ½ڵϻ棬ͬʱʯս𹲲
λս۵ȨĮȻ֮ûн֮Ҫ
ճ̱ϡվͶ󣬽ʯæɳֱϾϺȴ
ܽ׼սս⡣ֱ8 21 գʯйϷ
۵Ľ⣬ָɵڶܹ㶫վͶͬʱ
פڹݵĵʮܽʯѾ̫
ˡ
ڽʯǰһ죬Ӣ̫ƽ󽢶˾ʽ۵
½Ӣ˾ָǰδ֪ͨڹݵվ˾оһפ
ͷڵվӢ콢ǹɨ䣬Ӣ½Ӣ˾ֻ
վ˾÷ϵоһڹһֱûյ
йطָܽʾӢȴѾǷ˾ͳ˧ܽ
Ҳ÷ӢͶ
ʯϵĿǣӢйս˾˾
ܽӢܾˡӢѹʹսҪʯ
ȨҪ1945 9 16 գӢ̫ƽ󽢶˾ܶ
ڸ۶ʽվͶ
ҹȴûȨձͶջۡ
ҵӪĲԣҲгۺס˵棬ȥ͡
геĹ˿ҪߵġھӪиߵƷʣԵƣӪ
оԸС͵ƷԷװΪ֪רڱ
ߺ졣ӹƵƣӸߵεͣǵĳ
ƽ״ЧӦҲΪʶ
֡Ӻ͹һʱ䣬50 ҺƷ
רӪϿ仧۴Сƻ㡱
ţСƤ??۳ԣСϵ»ţ桱
ٻ??ϤϵͶ3 Ԫҡ
˹طڡǷͨ͡ʤ͡
ɢھר껹ڸֵ̳ꡣʸߵ
ƷλǶġǼڡ¿ŵȽר
ڵע⣬ΪŮʡ
ŮʿƵĸߵʱװܼ۸񰺹ĿǰڲϣԲ
óĵ̳רƼ֮??˵ı
ܸߵרļ۸񡣵ƺأԪ1 ף1
Ҳס
ȻнײǺЩˡߵģˣÿ
Сҹе̯Ⱥϻдʮɫķװ˿͡Ʒû
ȷıۡʮԪʮԪ1 Ϊ࣬롰֡ľӪǴͬ
̯Ⱥװ۸ʵݣʽҲʱת죬ǮСҲ󣬿֪ۺ
гҲһҪıԡ
©
֢١ڵ
[ԭ]
Ȼк룻нɼԶ֪ߣ
ҲԶ֪ߣҲߣҲҲ߳ɴ
϶ҲʼڣɵֶɵֶȴɵֶϢɵֶ䡢ɵֶã
ν֮֡Ҳ
֮ΣҲʥ֪֮ã򻯢˵£ͨıʶϸ΢
֮ĩߣ̫֮ɽ֮ʩ⣬ѿ֮ıɵ֡
϶Ϊ
·ִ⣬޵£Сϲ˲ãʥ
˴̰թα߽෥
ɢҷĿνʥ˼ѿ֮Է
ֶֶ֮֮ˣˣַ֮
ֶָ֮֮֮֮ۡ£ֶ֣֮
ʤ֮ʱܵΪҡ֮ʼС϶ɲ
Ҳ֮㿪ô˵ʥҲʥߣ֮ʹҲ޿ɵ֣
ʱʱпɵ֣Ϊ֮ıϺϡԼ¡ѭ
Ϊ
[ע]
ٵ֣Կ˼ڡͬ϶˼ȥ
˼֮ΣΣı֡򻯣˳Ӧ仯
֮ĩָ＾ϸë΢δ̫ɽҲ̩ɽ׳
ֺΰɽѿ΢СѿǷľӸ
ѿִǻҡɧҡִķѡǴͽ
ֽԡ䣺䡣̰̰ͼ߽⣺룬ķ
ѡ䣺ɱ䡣Ѻۡ϶֮Щʹ֮
ԭ
ۣҹŴλʥӣҲǻƵۡ෡Ң˴Ҳ
е˵Ϊˣ̫ũ׵ۣƵۡҢ˴
ŴλҲ
ңλ
֮ʹصĴߡ
ϺϣϿɺ
£¿Զ顣
[]
ﶼȻڵĹɣ鶼Ȼϵĵ
еľܽȴеľԶȴ֪ȻԿ
ϰԷʵԵʣԶ֪Ϊ
ԵʡνǡѺۣСѺ
ɴѺ۸ճʱԤףӦ跨ԶԸʹ
Сʹ䲻չʹʧӶǵ֡ԭ
鷢Σʱʥ֪ģܶά书á
仯ԭ˵ԭίͨıԣԹ۲ֵһһ
ﶼǴ֮ĩʼģǳɹ֮ȴ̩ɽΰ׳ۡ
ʥ˵ĵⷽôаСһıƣų⣬
𡣿ɼ֡˾һֵ
·ңͥ޵£Сſ֮˲
ãʥ䣬̰˷ˣɣҸټ߽⣬
°ջ๥սɱʧ룬޷Ŀ
ǡѺ۳֡ʥ˿Ѻ֮󣬾ҪȡӦֶȥԸ
־档ʥΪܹҪԷ߼Եֿ𣻲
Ͷ֮׸죬ʹ֮ԸԸʹ߹
ʹ
ʱΣǶԵֽеֿάȨ
ʱΣǶԵֽеơȡȨ
֮Ļ֮޷ͳơ»ʱ
ֵֿΪˡ
Դϱ仯¼֣Ϊ߲ɲ
ġҪ۲⣬Ҫá֮ô˵ľʥˡνʥ
ˣصʹߡ
ûпɡ֮֡ʱеȴʱпɡ֡
֮£ͦΪıߡϿԸ¿ա
ݣѭصػ񰡡
[]
Ȼк롱ǹڡ֡۵Ļ۵㡣
ﶼڱ仯Уѭšϡ˶Ĺɡڡݺϡ˶Уν
֮룬ʼ϶ɲҲ
ɴ˿֪С ڡ ߣһ˵Ϊìܡ
©ǽ⡣
 ϶Ϊ֡
Ȼڱƪԣ޿ɵ֣ʱʱпɵ֣
Ϊ֮ıΪԭץסʱ,ʵʩıԡ
չȥ͡ϺϣԼ¡ҡѭΪ񡱡
֪ʱǵҪԭìǿ͹۵ģì
ķץסʱʹ֮ӭж⡣
ʷ¼Ҳá֡նԷδȻ
ϱʱκТĵذϺǨһ£µʵʩȴ
Ѿۡ
ʱκĹƽǣɽͬжشƫԶƶ
ТĵҪʵһϵеĸĸʩǨڱСʱס
˵Ǩ̸ףТĵ۱뵽һʾ֣ıǨ
ıԡΪǨԷԣû˸ҷԵġ
Ԫ493 ļһ죬ѴǼеýի䣬̫
ռԤϷ֮ǷУռĽһԡТ
ʮָ˵·룬Ⱥһһʱ˭Ҳҷԡǣ
ϭģٱʿúңˣΪТĵ
Ҫء
8 £ƽǳҲˣƽǵһ·
࣬·Ţ9 µʿƣߣ˻Ⱦ˿
µߡϢ֮ӼϽȻ겻ֹƣ
ǰߣ·;ңԶˮ͸ˣТĵ۾ʹʱǨ
ΪΣһͲٸıˡڳ͢ߣͬ
ǨվߣͬǨվұߡʱֻǰϰذվ
˵ҪҵֹͣǨǧﲻĴҵ
ҲȺԸĴҡһ˵ꡱТ
ĵǨ
Тĵ۵ݵⳡǨϷڽĻȻıҪǨ
׻˵Ǩ¶̫Ǵ
ţ˭ҲҷԵģǨ֮ʵڻóɹ
ǹݺеҪһӡΪκ
ѺۣѺۻСѺ۸ճʱҪ֡
ס֡ǷֹѺ۶ȡĴʩͨ֡ʹѺ۱
ͨ֡ʹ٣ͨ֡ʹֹͣͨ֡ʹʧ
ԼĿġ
ӡΪϵζҪ֣Ϊﶼ
֮δһչ̩ɽĸһʥ˵ҵС˵ƻ
Ҫ֡
´֮ʱ͢£С˲ʥ
ӣ²ɣټ߽⡢Уӷ룬޷ĿЩ
Ѻۡ֡һķַһֲ
ֲĽǻָԭǼԸ»á´
ʱҪ֡ȡʤ
ǧ磬ıǻ۵ˣÿҡΣѵʱ
ȻںС͵꣬ǳزϽҲһкܶڵ˲šʷ
мصˣܹŴ֣֮䡢ҸߵȣԼƲȰ˵
ȫԼĹңòʤö٣Ƴ࣬½
ӡ
Ƴ֮ɽ֣иûй˳˧빫˳
򿤳ǣٱˡ빫˳õһɵΪԼ
ľ²ıɻǶıüǧˣʤ㹥ռ˱ǡ
ݿչϣ갾5 ʿǣֻ
20 ˣҹͻϮѺݾӴһͿء
Բɸɽʱ˶˵и˽ܳڣ
ɶãйĶܸߡȡıͺ
ȡ¡ѫԲǾ˰ˡʱ
֯˼ʿԲȡۿ񰲻պأ轣
أһ˵Ĵʮη壬
Ĳ޵С
ø㽭Һʽǰȥַø
һλͬ׼˵ӦȡԽ㽭ˣԽ
Ǽ̵ķغ͸ĵǮ㽭£ֿٱлͳ
ǰռ㽭ԽȡݡȻͷʯͷǣ
Ͼ£رأһ˾ٱӦǡһ
ûøá
ݽڶʹĲ±ʦ湥飬ʦݽڶʹ
ԮıһǱ㹥ռݡʱʦ˴ɹ
ӦΪ졣Ȱʦ˵Ӧ˳ӦģΪ˳
ȥӦԸΪ죬ԼձȨ˭Ҳ
ģңֻݵĽڶʹΪ®ݣ񰲻պϷʣ
ݣ񰲻ĳԸҵĹҵɰܡǰ
;֪ѽڣӦþֹܿΣ
Ļһ׹ʹǲŵԣԲʧΪ
ҳʦһ鲻ΪȻڶ죬һı֣
Ժ֣¾˵˵һλıˡѰ
ʱҲˡ
Ƴĩ꣬ΪĴڶʹפسɶһιݣĴ
أʱܵ谭ʱ乥ȡ¡صϰΪս
ˣɽСӲ񣬻׷ǡȳ
ǸıˣȥȰĽ٩˵ϰӵɽУΪ
˵Ⱥȥڣȴʿǣʲô
أһͳȥ콫˲ŻӪӪ飬رһݳ
ıΪɳ⣬ǲͻȰѾ񲿶
ڣǵĲԶԺɳ֡ǹָ1 ˣ
Ӫһ棬ֱرڴ˴ֲʱ򣬸կ
ֻҷ޷ڣܲʧ𣿡٩ԺܳԾ
ȳ˵˵Ӧô졣ȳΪг7 £٩æ
˵ȥȳдĸʾ3 죬ɽ
ϰϻһ׷׳ص磬´
ӿʿʱεضУʷмص⣬
ЩģҵķҲֲ֡
ĩ꣬طأ͢òִ᳹У
䣬Ӷɽأ̫ؽӵگ飬Ҫس͢
·ȴ⵽̡ȶ˵ԭѰ뱱
ݣɽ̫ԭĸϵգıҸݡ
̫صô죿Ƴ͢ȨĲܲٲȡ˰̫ɽȥ
̫˭أܲѡ˶ȥΣյ̯ӡ
ܽӵʱ·أϿƺӱߡȴ
̵ľӶס׼ɹƺӡ˼£ܸ
⡣룺Ӷ3 ˼ңҵˡҸɴ൥
ȥ䲻⡣ȻмıϣұȻ
װܡֻҪȥ1 £üƽˡ
ǣĵشһɿڹ˻ƺӣ̹Ȼϳ
ʹ˸ܹݵļƲߣȺؿ佱̡˵պͷ
գǺӶĴ壬ѽȻ̫أʵҪǣ
ǹӶˡ̵ˣлܵ⡣֪˼ʮ죬
ܱɱԴ
ʷ֮Ժƴ𲽷չǿˣҪѳ͢ǿ
ˣҪɱ˧ƵԪ뽣Ͽ鱦һڶ
ʹȰɱʹɱͶ˾Ȩ鳯͢Ҫ
Ϊڶʹ
Ƶǰ¡ڶʱʵ۵׾߾
͡ЦЦܾˣǰأȴһ֧3000
˵Ĳжӵȴǰ˵ʵگǰͣ
ڵдһ˻ءԼȴӱޣһ·ɱȥ
ɱ˵ھҪˣýǰڳԶӭֱھ
15 ˣųȥӭӡڵһÿ佱Σ֮ʱʱվ
־Ϊұס̣й˵ţ˳
ڣʼֹ
ڶһ׼ڽɱ˵ɱ˽ڶʹ
ﵱġһⲢΪҹ㣬ǿ½
д鷢͢Ľ˧ɲȥԷһ·
ɱմԣֻںָмֻˡ
ڿ⣬Ҳ飬ؿڶʹٵĶӡ
ʹ˳丸Դ֮׼ҶȨǣһλΩ
ȴʣץŤ;ʦλΩҲλҰļңʱմ
ȨΪ͢ʽΪڶʹȻϢ͢Ѿɶ
ضΪڶʹˣΩʧȥ
Ӷ
ʱֻʮˣһҲûСߵ֣ݣ
Ȱ˵Ǳʲô˵ӿҲ
Ȱ˵ҪȥһŲ·
Ωû뵽ôˣԲ߱æλ
ӭӡǺ󣬽ȻΩһʱ䣬
ΩԽԽе߻ҡ¶󣬶Ω
ͬȫնѵΩ;ʦ
ˣʱĴǶôΣհǶ֮أ
׵ƽϢ¼Ǵ£ͬˣƴʷУҷ̶ų
·ϳڣʵȻʱ͢¶άֲס棬
ݴʷԴΪо˾ĸ֡ԴԸǿ̱
ɵĹƶȶĸʼȷóȴã
ԾӰҡǰʮֽᣬѹڶʹѡ
ʿסڹͥԱߣִԴֹңԼ
ЩױȻҪʱʹǾ⣬ο硣ȴε
ڶ죬ɢ֧ӡڿְԴν
ʹþͱҵˡԴĸĸ﷽
ˡ
ϼӿԿʱǡҪԭì
͹۴ڵģìܵķץסʱʹ֮ӭж⡣
ǡôؽìܣܲʧʱشﵽԤڵĿġ26 
ͳ˹˳ɹˡ
¶ࡤ˹еͳġŦԼֳʱͺע
Լ󣬹̬참˹һҰıŦԼʱ
ŦԼ̫ļ˹˹ٷʶˡڱ۵
˹еͳҰģһֻΪһѡ
Ϊ֤ʵԼжϣ߾ֱܵ˹ľ칫
ңֱʣ˹Ƕڵ˽飬Ϊ׼г
һճѡͳ˵𣿡
ƽʱһʮֺƵ˹һ̬ɫ䣬ͻȻץ
ëӣף˹ٷҺ˹ͷ˼Ʋ
תӡ˹ں߾ټëӣŭʮ׷ֱ
ӳ
ӴԺҲû˸˹뵱ͳˡԺ
ԸԳΪ26 ͳ
ʼ˹Ұģʹѣʵشʹʶ
˹Ϊ˾ѡŰݻʹŬˮ
ϣԺһ£˹ǣ˼ë
ӡһתΪ˲ܻشϣһ棬ʹԺ
۴¡
μҲҪץסʱȡıЧἫá
ةơʱ飬ʽȱŵֻ
ǧƥֲȥԹֽݳ޶ϰ˽Ӱ
硣ԴʮǣͷûΣⲼ¡
ʱߣӰ󣬴ԹǼةഩֲ£Ҳôֲ
ѡʿһҲôֲ·ֲļǮһӾ࣬
ǧƥĿܿˣ˵ʱĲѡ
Ǵ¶ʱСϳһ㣬Դֲ
ܿһգŤת˶硣
ҵҪ˵ĻԣҪԵġ֮֡
ظı״Ӷڵ顣
˹ʩ߲ҵңµһĹ겻
ɶΪˣʩ߲˺üγȻȴЧԴ
¡
һĳ칫ʴ£Ȱ˵ǣ
ǣԿвȫȻ޲Ȼ겻ԼĶ

ôҵ￴ɡʩ߲˵ʱֵװ๤Ҫ°࣬
ҹ๤ҪӰʱ
غʩ߲һˣǽһ˼¯֣
6 ¯˻شʩ߲һСڰдһ6֣Ѳ
һ¹ͻȥˡ
ҹ๤ϰˣڰϳһ6֣ʮֺ棬æ
ʲô˼
ʩ߲˵ʰװ๤˶¯֪
6 ¯ںڰд֡
ڶ糿ʩ߲⿴˿ڰ壬ҹ๤˰ѡ6
ˡ7ʮ뿪ˡ
װ๤˵ڶϰ඼ˡ7һλĹ˴е
˼˵ҹ๤˱ǿҪǿô¡
Ͻʱڰϳһ޴ġ10֡
๤˾ĹĲƷܿ쳬

ʩ߲һССġ6־͸ı˹ò˴
в첻顣ʩ߲ĸ֮˹ǵľ
ʶ
ƷᣬҵȻ̯ϽֵСƷ
ûһ֧ΪʲôС̯С΢ҵ
ľӪߣȻϼгж̯ҵ̯Ⱥš
ر̯鷳£ڱˣŦԼҲˡ
ҵᣬС̯ǡĩ֮¡Ȼɲ졣Ƕڽͨ
ݾкܴӰ졣1994 ŦԼегƻ̯ǰ
ŦԼвȡжٵļʳƷСȡȡ޴ʩ
ִһΧߣȫŦԼен̷ֵֹ
̯̯е˵Զӵе¶̳ʽгϳ
ǵƷƣһӪҵִõСŦ
ԼеĽֵȫп24 ¶гԽͷ̷ȡ
ܵ˻ӭ
ʮδͷ̷һֱŦԼгͷʹ⡣Ϊ˽
⣬гòȡӹ֮һ˼СҵĹǣǼ
˰ֹˣһ滹ÿǵͷСԸЩСƶ
գѰΪСӪȡ֮ءЩСûӪҵ
ִգУڽֵϷܵƵġ
ͷСһǷʳַӪҵִգڶһ
̷ǳʳƷʲôִַ
աѰ䷢Լ3000 ʳƷСӪҵִգ
853 һС䷢ִա
ԱƣʳƷ̷Ӫҵִյġһ̷е
ӪҵԱƣŦԼ8000 1 Ӫҵ
һ̷Ķ廨šԱǹƣÿӽɵӪҵ˰У
ЩӪҵСռ3 Ԫɴ˿֪С̯
Ҳӳ˰գܳΪл
˭֪̱ļֵȡȡŹ˿͡Щͼ
üðαƷƭǮ֮⣬һЩؽע̱֮Ǯ
ЩΪԼǹ̹ţ˱ȵλһ
ҵʱҵ޶ٻйҩ
Ʒ̱һġ̱꣬Ҫ25 Ԫѣܴ˴
ȨЩҪ5 ֮޵ĵѣ
һϵй˾
籱ĳҵλϷ֪ͨɵѵ
ҵܱεȨ
Ҫ˳װ޹˾μӡ׽йʮװʮƳ
ȷϻ˳ʾ̫ģμӡ֯
ߴ٣˳ͬμӣ7500 ԪԺ˳˾
ӵί֪ͨҪȷϻ֯ĳ沿25 Ԫ
ѡ˳˾Ȼؾܾˣ˳˾ûлá˫ʮֻ
ʱӵ˳˾ѯ֯Ρȷϻľ
гô֯߱ʾѶȡǣ
˳˾Ҫָ˵Ȩ
1994 4 5 գձҲһϢ̳Ҿ߹˾ܾ
ĳ8800 Ԫѣʹ̳Ҿ߹˾ɽ
ù˾ʱش˵ڵй˾̳Ƽ
ȷʵǰéΪûнǮ͵ڲǵ
̳Ҿ߹˾òʾɣԡǮΪǰѡҪͣ
ֹСǲǹɵģ
ΪЩ߲֮֯
һǹԺЭᡢѧᡢо֯
šҵλһɲöҵиȺԼ飬
żרȻҪֹͣСЩȻȻ
ֹ
ǮΪ׼ǮǮԼǮΣʹһ
֪֯ߵʵġ
ǷܻصĹϷɱ֤ãǴϼӴĳ
˵ƲҵԷġ⵱ȻǶԵģ˵ĸȨ
󡯵ġʹˣⲻǱȨСǷǷ
ȨûиȨǾΥ˵ǿĳ֡
Ч֤ġ͸ǴشˣҵԪĳȷϵ
̱ꡱ̱ꡱ̱ꡱƼ̱ꡱڷ޾ݣ
ɵıϹӵơ׷˵ġ
ֻгγɣΪϲȷ濴Ƕ
ģϵ֯ġϡͲˣΪ˭Ǯ͸˭
衰ơƺţʹδע̱꣬ҲԱϡǮ
Ҳϡʵϻǡ˽ϡǮơ
ҵ϶̱ꡢƣС򣬼Ȱ̱
ˣҲгɴ˿֪ע̱꣬гӪеС£
ǣһҲ١
̽ƪ
ɢǯڵ
[ԭ]
ȨܣԶƶ¢ܣȲ֮ͬƣ
֮֮Ǣݣ֪֮ޣΣ֮ƣ֮¢ߣȻ
Ȩ֮ᣬ˿˿˿áǯ֮Ǣ⣬ɶ
ǯ֮ǯ֮˵Ҳէͬէ(11)䲻(12)֮
(13)ۣ֮Ϊ٣ԻΪ(14)
(15)ƻ(16)񡢰赡(17)֮(18)
Թ֮źǯ֮õ档
֮(19)ضȨܣʱ֮ʢ˥(20)֮
֮ף֮٣֮裬밮֮ǻ
(21)֪ö˾˵(22)Էǯ֮ǹãǯ
֮
֮ˣܡȨ(23)(24)Ϊ֮(25)ӭ֮
֮ǯ֮֮˷ǯ֮׺(26)Ҳ
ˣ(27)ʵ(28)׺ʧԾǡǯݣ
ǯ᣻ϣ
串ܸʧȡ
[ע]
ٷɣ˼佱Էʹķԡ
ǯǣƵ˼
ȨȨ⣬ָ˵ļı
ƶ£µɹ
֮ǣʵʣǱ棬Ҳ˵ķ档
֮̽޵
֮£ܻԶ
Ȩء
飬˵ĵط
ǯ֮ǣĹ룬ʹ۹˳
(11)˵Ҳէͬէ죺ǯ֮ڶԷۣšʱͬ
⣬ʱԡԭС
(12)ߣʹ÷ǯ֮Ҳܸı˻
(13)ۣͬص顣
(14)Ϊۣ飬Է¶ȱ㡣
(15)ã׼Ҫʱ
(16)⣺ı
(17)أء
(18)֮Դ
(19)֮£ѷǯ֮ƹ㵽ȫ¡
(20)ƣ֪˼
(21)֮ǻ⣺ϸ֪˼Ǻϣȡ
(22)˵أ˵صġ
(23)ͬţָŸɡ
(24)ƣƶƣǱ˼
(25)תŻ࣬װýлĹؼ
(26)ǯ֮׺ǯ֮ؾ
(27)̡
(28)ʵʹԷ飬óѷ
[]
ֻҪڴ˵ı˵ĲŸɣԶ˲šҪһ
ƣʹóɹ͵ȹ۲ͬͲ֮ͬ۵
ǣ˽ڶĸֽԣ٣¹ذΣļıȷ
˭׽˭ԶȻٿ׵ʧЩϵʱ
вĵطҪо̽ʹ֮Ϊá
ʹԷ˵飬Ȼͨάǯס֡ǯ֮һ˵
صǺͬ졣ЩûƵĶ֣ȶвգȻ
ٶǷ̽ȶǷ̽Ȼٴݻǣڷ
УԷ߰ѴݻٶԷΪ顣ҪĳЩʱ
ʹͲ鱦ʯ赺ͷأԱ̽ͨ
ܴգǣͨѰһƶԷ
Ҫõ֮
Ҫѡǯ֮У뿼˵ȨıͲŸɣ۲ص
ʢ˥յεĿխɽףԼƸĶ٣佻
˭˭ܣ˭˭Զ˭˭Ѻã˭˭ҪϸԷ
Ը뷨˽ǵĺöȻԶԷӵ˵
ɡķճԷ֮ڡáǯķסԷ
ѡǯ֮ˣҪĦԷǻۺͲܣԷ
ʵƶԷȻԴΪͻƿԷȡԡ
ǯ֮ЭʶӦԷǡǯؾ
ѡǯ֮⽻ûĴ׳Էʵ飬
ϵʹʧԱ㿼˵ĴͿ԰չؼʵֺݣҲ
ʵ᣻Ҳ򶫣ҲϣҲ
򱱣ҲȥȻˣҪСĽ
ɥʧڶȡ
[]
ˡǯ硰ա⡣ɡָݣɡ
ǯߣָסʹ֮ɻΪΪ˵˷Ե
˵˵Լͼǣߵ
֮Ϊͳߣ쵼ˣҪʩ֮˵רʧ
ʱػ˺۵ӵɹҵǯ֮˵֮
֮е֮ܣȨƣΪ֮
˵ȡ˲ĵĹؼȨ˵ܣŸɡʡȨأ
䷽ǣӭ֮֮ǯ֮֮ͬʱʧȡȡ˳ӡ
ӭϡʿɶֹȡ˲ţվƣﵽԼĿġ
٣ᣬμҡ໸һ
¡Ȼٵĳɾͣ뱫֪͵ķ뻸ǰ
ֲġ
ʱǺѣ඼˽⣬
С׵ļҳٵ빫ӾıʿԪǰ685 ֪꣬
ӺֱɱʱĹС³ĹӾڻ
λӾıʿΪǽСȵ
λûϣˡǹٴһ֧ȸϵıؾ֮·
ءãһӳ۶ٹСˣæݳ
ǰμС״޷ʱСȥһСסѽһ
ڳϣټ󹦸ɣɳ۶ȥʵһǡС
ĴϣС֪ټǣӦߺ
С·ֱۣ붼
С׼λ󣬳Ϊ뻸Ϊͳ˧ַӾΪ³
³ׯѹ£ֻðҪ󣬽
ɱˣ
Сȡ˾λ㹫ҪΪ࣬ƴǲܣһ
ƹ١˵㲻٣ͣʹԣ
ιϽʧȨŽʹóϷ
ƶǣʹ˶أָӣʹʿֱǰ
еָҪҵǹٵĸɡ
Ҫһ֮𣬵˱֮ԣù١ܻ֮
߾ȺŹٵĵøطԸٽ⿪
Ϊֹ񡣵ٳƶͬһȼĹ
ź͹޽ܶ࣬²ܷӣǸ߻ǻ
ӷΪ䣨ٹ֮ף
һʱ䣬Ҳûʲôĸı䣬ԭ򣬹˵
Ǯð£ԲʹҸǻó˰մ͸ʹ
áֹһʱ䣬һûԺתԭ򣬹˵
ĽףԹһЩ鲻ôǻΪٸ
ȫ׼ֱٵӡ
˺ٹ١ղùȨʹ󵨷

ǣٻĸǿռҵҵ
ƣóףչΪ죬쳤ʮΪ˾
ΪʮΪ磬˵ƶȣʵоһͬʱ
ǿԹҳʿĿƺѵ齨һ֧սǿװӡ
飬ʮӾƶѡ塢ܡΪĸټͣ԰
սнвܡʵߣѡ¼áˣܿʢ

ִܰʱӦ䣬øתΪԪǰ
663 ꣬ɽ뻸Ӧׯ󣬳ʦɽ֣
ԭɽ̾ݵĵׯǳмڻ
عʱһ֪ͣڡ㹫˵أ
ӣǲԼģҲܶƻ
ءǣׯ뾳طȫ͸
ԭ뻸಻ûռһأ͸༸ʮ
Ӵ˼ηľĽʵ¡һɹ֮ȫǹٵļ
ı
Ԫǰ681 ꣬뻸³ׯڿ£ǰδ³
ȡ˴Ƭأλˣ³ׯͼ󽫲ĭΪӡ
̳׼ѪʱĭͻȻͳصذףԾǰȥץ
ס̳̳µ˶Ϊ֮һ֪롣ߵĹٺܿ
ʲĭʲôĭ˵ǿأ
ܰռǵĵطɣǩԼȻҾͬھ
˵գŻذסܳæ򻸹ʾ⡣Բĭ˵ҴӦ
Ҫ󡣡ǲĭſذףصԱλϡ
վͺˣ˻³ɱĭǺ
׵ģΪ̳¶ĽʿȰ˻˽¶Ի˵
ٳ㣬ӦҪ㣬ȴΥŵԻҪɱ
һʱʹԺĸ˵Ļأʧ
˵֧֣ǧ򲻿ġ
˹ٵ˻Ժ󣬰սռ³ȫ˻³

֪£Ϊʵɿ˵Ҷ鸽
˵ȡ֮֮Ϊ֮
ٵĲԵõַӣΪǿʢףΪ
˽⡢κƳ硣˵ǰƶʱ뱫ϻ
⣬ÿηֺҪһЩΪ̰ƣ֪Ҽ
˵Ұﱫ£ûаãΪ
޴֪ûϺûᡣ٣αְ
ΪûвŸɣ֪ûиʾܵʱٻԼ
ĵ·ָм˵߸ĸ֪߱Ҳ
ΪԺ󣬱һֱĸԸڹ¹ܹ
ٵ쵼ԣ³޹ٲ١ޱ߶ࡣ
ǯð֮ͬץסԷһַǯǰǡ
ǯʹáǯ֮ǰյַԣҪĶԷĻ
ԺϼƳ磬ԴץסԷջءҪյ˳
Լ˼·˵յʱҪͬ죬Լͷ
ԣȦסáǯ֮޷ǯסˣͿԶǼӵѹ
ͬʱҪ˽ʱΧĹϵƶַ֣
ܹ佨еĹϵﵽݻĿġ
Ԫǰ341 ꣬롢κ꽻սʤκɱ
κ̫꣬κ10 
κټʩԻʩ˵ҵĳУҲǶ
ĳޡҹСҲеľȥ˵ôʩ
شκ˵С
ʩ˵ɾҵľҪ÷ɾͰҵľҪı
ڵ뷨ڷȺıȺԹԹȻź
սûдʤûзؽо
ȥǳ˵²÷ͲıҪ
𣬾ͲıߵķΣίȫȥݼضŭ
Ȼ˵ͳʹ໥Թһ
õĳȥѾƣȻ
ܡǴͨķκʩ
ɱ˵ļƲߺ˵üˣȥ棬˵κԸ⳼
ȥ
ӤӦκҪ󡣲ʮųֹ˵Уսʤκ
˳ݴκͶС˳
ͱ¶ǿ϶ɵġҳΪǺñƴ
׷ոɻ˼һǳӤųȰɣ
κ룬Լһȥ
ƽȹңκƳԴ˸е߳ܣҲ
Ϊ˸еŭʾӹԹҲӦ
ôܡ
ͨκսܣʩκίȫԼŭ
ﵽٳĿġ
ǯǶԴ֮ıԼȥշģʹԷΪ
õıԣȷʹʹݺ۳ң
˶÷ǯ֮ҵһʱǧš
͹๥򣬶ع漱ػִ
ǵ·վУֿԣԥ˾
ǽԲߡ
ػǲͬ⣬˵ȥִ
ػ˵̸̸ļ⡣ǻش˵Ӧúκ
ѺãȻƺӡһȡ³ǡٶ
ȨľŶ°ͼЮԺ£ͲҲ
ӣǳĴҵҪȡӦȥ͢Ҫ׬ȡǮӦȥС
ڵĻƺӡһܳңñµļкͳ͢ȥ͸
ԶСⲻǵĴҵ˾˵
ԡ˵ĻҪʹҸǿȿؽҪʹǿ
ðոԣҪɾ͵ҵ߱
ˣҵҲˮɣڴĹҵСƶҽȴ
׵ƫƧֵ֮֮죬λң
ͬعĴȺһռ
ع򣬶ȡĲƸգò׶Ϳ
ʹͶ̲һҶ²Ϊعǿ㷺
棬ҲΪع̰һã˫գг
ع򺫹ӣͻԶҲ
ʲôʵ档ܳңǺܳ
֪ҪʧȥŶ֪Ҫʧȥһĺͬ
ıԹԮоԹĳκͽ⣬ϧѾŶ
͸ظøκʱֻ޲ߣǺΣ
ģԣ˵ʮþȵϲߡ˾Ľ飬

10 £ʹع̲عӸǿ
ʢˡ
ʵУϡϡϻ⽻ϣ
áǯмҪ塣
ҷʹ÷ǯ֮ʱԴסԷüıʹԷҷͼ
ҪעʹԷʧ̬Ǿʵķǯ֮á
ͳ1966 꾺ѡ︣ݳʱзȡ˹
ڶսʤ˶֡
1966 ꣬Ϊ͵ĺѡ˾ѡݳʱ
ƺܲ͹͵53ѡ
ݳ˰ɵ¡ʡʴ1958 ͵μ
һͣ1962 겼ͬݳ
ɴɾĶӡ⣬ʱͳԼѷǲʵĺ
ѣʾȫֲ֧ΡݳҲΪԼڼл
Ӱǡڻ¡
Ȼλ£ûξ飬ҲгĿ࣬ٶ
òһ׼ӡӰԱ
̨㲥Ա渶
Լ˵ƣڵ̨̨һЩڼ
࣬˵ȡѡƱȱٴ飬ˣ
̸Σིһϰչĵᡢ⣬Լһƽ
μҡ
ʱͥѾռӡü˵ƽÿ15
̨ӻѡڵӻϿһ棬˵
μң˺øС̸ͨϰչĵ
ۡʡҵ⣬һϰյĻӭ
ѡٵĽȲʶý100 ѡƱܶҲͶ
ƱԸԳ˼ݳı
ﳤܶһ㷺õĲԡ룬Լ
ȥ̸һЩԼϤʷμʹϵ⣬ݳ
ͷξͻԵ
1975 Ӣж˵ѡΪصĿǳࡣ
жԺΪʩǯ֮սʤǰϣ˼Կ֮
ȡϣ˼ʹӢ˹
ӢֹңһĵˣڵĶ
һʮּҡ˺Ƥ߾ų⡢ͺʹԷ
֮¡ж˲޳ϣ˼ţֻ֧˼Լɪͬϣ˼
ѡ̶ϣ˼սʹϣ˼еԼԣдΪ졣
ѡڼ䣬ϣ˼֧ӻ̣֧Ů
ںţж˵ļͥҲΪĿꡣʱ
ʹжʮա˫Ķһȴﵽǰĳ̶ȡ
ж˵ѡʶΪŽȫμ׽ѡֺ
ʧߵѺָۣصŽᣬȶԼĺԺϣ˼ڵ׷
߲٣СڹϸߣӰĴû֧
ҪսʤִĹнϴѡжΪ˻ϣ˼һ
֧֣ؾǰӣɶ
ʤĵһжȥݻϣ˼μ쵼µ
Ӱڸ󡣵һڻؾģڶжϣ˼µܶ
Աαص䣬롣ж˵
ౣص˵Ըõ˹㷺֧֡
ţж1976 10 µıصٴͽ
źšڽϣ˼ȥһЩ޲
ֲϣ˼һЩ۵㣬ʹڶԽӽڴ£ϣ
˼Ҳͷ˶жˡȫš֧Ӱڸ
ˣжڵڵλȷˣΪ춨
زٵĻ
ͳĻ㣬˹һͳ˵ˣҪ޶
طԼӰ黳ȼҪ˼磬ıֶΡ
֮硱ʹȱܸٲӮġж˵
ʾһμҵķǯ֮
ҵУˡˡʹˣǵʤֶΡ˶
ù1877 ʱҹŶ£չ˳֮г
Ļƽ𣬲跨ƹ⣬ʹһ֮ھ׬2000 Ԫʷ
Ǻġ
ŶµĳɹסһˡŶ˽⵽εĸ
ͳиü޸˿¶ƽУ¶ƽ಻ԣǣһơ
һ죬Ŷҵ˿¶ƽʮֿɡ¶ƽʮ̹
رʾûʱŶæ˵ҪòһǮֻҪʾһ
ԸˡҺܾУΪܣʮѡС
˼˵һɡ¶ƽͼֶΪ
ǩԼ¶ƽڹŶϹ200 ԪĻƽɣֻҪƽ۸ǣ
ÿܿ쵽ЩƽɵǼ۷ѡƽµӦҪ⡣
Ϊ˷ֹµ¶ƽòŹŶʾ⣬Լӣ
ȰͳҪеĻƽͨٷʽ¶ƽʵ׬˲Ǯ
ŶֶͬΣ˲ɣҲ֤˲
۹ƽ
гϻƽ٣Ȼʱﵽÿ˾146 Ԫ
ͬ9 22 գгϻƽ𲻼ˡȫһƬŭ֮
ͳۣ۳ƽ𡣿¶ƽȰ˵Чϰһ
˹Ŷ£ͬʱʹͳݻһһڣŶ
۳еĻƽ𣬾׬2000 Ԫ
չгеĻƽȷǹŶһĽһ
֮ھ׬2000 ԪҲʮֺġץסؼʵʩЧĹǯ
ɹˡ
ˡִ֮ԱְԱͶã
ǣŶԷġӡߣԱﵽԼĿġ
һ˾ϰŵԷǯ֮סŦԼ󷹵꾭
ʹԼ˾ҵ¡
ϰŵ˾ԶʮֳȻһŦԼ
ȴһֱǣϰŵʮƣÿҴ󷹵š
ÿڱȥݷô󷹵ľһΣ˽˵ס󷹵꣬
ѵϰŵ͸˾ְԱȻôҴ󷹵Ƕ
޶áϰŵһλ־ʮּǿˣ
Ŀľݡʧ֮ܶ󣬵ϰŵܽ˽ѵıԣ
ʼ鷹꾭Ȥ¡
ڷﰲ鱨Ա֪꾭ЭĻԱ
Э£˹ҷЭĻ᳤ЭٿĻ飬
ںεؾУһ˷ɻǰ
˽⵽Щ󣬵ϰŵ㵽ͼݲЭϡڶ죬
ȥݷ˷꾭ȻЭΪ⣬˫̸ʮͶʹ꾭
۷Ź⣬Ϊ̸֪Уϰŵ˿֡
Ժ󣬷Ĳɹȸϰŵһ绰ҪƷ
ͼ۸ȥϰŵϵ󣬲ɹ鳤һ仰ǡʲô
Уʹϰôʶ㡣
ϰŵ˾ǳԶģȻϰŵĳڵ湥ƲδЧ
һҲû۳뷹꾭̸һ¶Էע£ȴΪ
ĹۡˣﵽԼĿģҪöԷͬʹԼϲ
Ҫһ㣬ԶԷĵΪ⡣
ȫƪ
Ϣٵ
[ԭ]
ϱڣʺϡתۻܣƢݡ
ΪƢޡʥ˾֮䣬ʩҲ֮
ᣬʱ֮ˣ֮٣Դ֪֮֮ת޳
ʦʥ˳Ϊ޲Ϊ޲¢ߺڼı֮࣬Ϊᡣ
ڱ˶ڴˣıҢ⣬з(11)ǣڱˣڴˣ
ڱˡҲ֮£¶֮֮֮
֮ңҶ֮֮(12)ƶ֮Сˣ
һҲıǣƶ(13)(14)֮֮(15)
֮ƱߣЭĺ(16)֮ضת֮Ȼ֮
(17)(18)(19)(20)Ȼ(21)(22)
󣬶Ȼ֪֮ǯ(23)
֮Ҳʥ˴£Ŀ˼ԭ£Ϥļ
飬ܳ(24)ʲݣñ(25)ʵ棬֪(26)
֮ѱԶȲ֪̡Զ벻磬˿Խ˿
ˣ˿Դӡ˿Ժᡣ
[ע]
ϣ裬ִ档ϣϣΥϣָ
ϣϡ
ϱһ൱ڡϡǱ棬൱ڡ衱
ͬ
ۻת仯תơ
ܻһûѷ졣
ƣ﷢չ仯̬ơ
Ϊƣݡƾ裻ƣ򣬷ȣơָҪ
ʵпơ
߳£ɹ
ڼıʵֻԤļı
֮Ϊ֮ǡΪΪˡָǸΪ
ıңз裺ңʵ裬ִ档
μıͬʱˣȻҪִ
(11)˴˳ӽ͡
(12)ܣʺ
(13)ƶȷı
(14)Ȼ
(15)̨֮֮
(16)ϣϡ
(17)ϣϡ
(18)Ŵ˵̳ࡣ
(19)̳Ŀ֮
(20)Ŵ˵ĳһ
(21)ϣϡ
(22)У̫ܳĽ׼
ʼ
(23)֮ǯԼ
(24)
(25)ָӡ
(26)֪ˣ˽ˡ
[]
ԿжӦ˵ļƲߡ仯תƾһ
жϡȻŵо˴˼以Ҫ
ʵʥϣΪ˽̻ˣӰ
죬Ǳ֮ϵ۲ʱץסʱ
ݹЩ࣬Щ治㣬ݴȰʵʣ跨ٽ
ķתûԶԹûʦͰ
ʥ˳Ҫ£ҪǲΥԤļ
ıΪԼľϺһ棬Ҫһ档
ǼıͬʱľȻΥĳһԸϺһ
ԸҪΥһԸΥһԸſܺϺһ
Ըǡϡ֮֡ϡ֮õ£Ȼ
Ҫȫ¶ڡϡ֮Ȩ֮֡ϡ֮õĳ
ңͱȻҷڡϡ֮Ȩ֮֡ϡ֮
õĳ壬ͱȻҪ嶼ڡϡ֮Ȩ֮
֡ϡ֮õĳһˣͱȻҪ˵Ĳƶڡ
ϡ֮Ȩ֮֮áϡ֮ķΧС书ͬġ
֮¶ҪԤı֮ʵСϡ֮
ŴЩԱһһµˣԦĺ
֮ڵĸƸڡϡдٳתȻﵽϡ
ʥ;ĿġȥγγȻžһ
ĳγγжĿδ
¶ˣǶԼԲܹ˳һ
ԥ߱еƷ£˵ǻۣǲܼԦµģ
ڤ˼ǲܽʾĹɵģȫעؿ
ʵ飬Ͳܹͣܡ㣬Ͳͳս
ֻҴʵ֪ƼͲв֮ԣϡĹ
ǣȹҴǣӳ̣ԶΧڻ
˭ͿǰԺˣԺݣˡ
[]
ϡƪۡԷϡ֮ġ
̸ЦУҪﵽĳһĿģʵĳһԸҪ۵ءӦ䣬
ɹǡϡ֮
ڱ仯У籾ƪԡ޳޳ʦԡ
¶ڼı֮Ϊ򡰺ڱˣڴˣıңз衱
ɴ˿֪ϡ﷢չ仯еӦ䳣档
κﶼ˳ķչʽʩáϡ֮ǰǱ
෽оӶȡӦ䷽ȱԵԷϣ
ʵԭͼҿʵ䷴
ʵʩ֮ʶڱ仯У仯зչ
ЧıʹʵʩҪԼĶرһ
֪֪ˡ֪֪˲ܽݺᣬࡣӦڶԷıԡ
״̬УڲҷıԵ£֮ؽʹҷ
Ȩ
թ֮¼ҹ㷺ʹãܲپô˼ȡƽء
Ԫ215 괺ܲʱ³Գ²ֳһ·ն
еüΪ˳ƽصҪѹؽΪ³֮
ɽǽ10 ˽Ѷȡι֮󣬲
۽ȴṳ̂ƽذ벽ʱܲüͷһ壬
ƽʵԹƣˡ˼ܲٴˣرҲɳ
ϲܲٵ˱թˣиرA
ĺԨҹϮջʤƽءƽһƣ
裬³ֻߣܲռкС
ھϣթ֮թ֮Ϊϡ֮ơ
Ԫ208 ꣬ܲٻʦ£׼ͳһȫһ8 £ԭռݾ
ݵĶʣλ9 £вܲ٣Ͷ
ԭͶ2 Ŀڡܲʾ20 ˣų80 
ֱĿڡֵ֪סܾĽΣ֮ǲ
ǰԱȨͬܡȨ֪ܲٵǿ
ݱܾռҲԱȫ褡ա³3 
ǰȥͬܲ١ܲʵۺˮԽ˳¡
ܲٵĴڳν棬ܾؽ
šܾսֻ࣬СΪ˷ֹֻ
粻ȣսһ
ڼӽսΣΪлɳˡǶ¼Ʋߣ
ǲ褵Ĳ»ƸǴװͶܲ١
ʣ3 ݣ׼СƸȴǰ˵
˵3 £20 Ҳ£Ӧ׵꣬褲Ȼŭ
ҷ֮ƲܣУ㾹ҳԣɢģƳ
նףƸҲŭϳݺὮ
ն鱻Ұڹٶ±Ƹǡ褿
ڹϣƸȴϷڵأ50 ȣֱƤ
ѪʶΣԱ޲ᡣƸǱ뱾կڴϣλ
׷ο̾¶褺Թƽӡı
ʱƸ߳ңĵؽԼı֮¸
ϣ󵽲Ӫթ顣Ʊ磬ʶˣƸǼã
ƸǶԶҳϣǸжȻӦ
ŻƸдõթ飬ҹ̣һҶСۣ
Ƕ򱱰ܾˮկܱסȥܲ٣ܲо
֮УƻԻ͡ڽԣݵϽ顣ܲٲһ
ֻдţ??Խֵ֮ة֮ʦѻʯ
СԸܣֲȰ棬ϳҳ
Ѽ챾ݡͶة࣬Աѩ??۲
ٽŷʮ飬ȻİŭƸÿƣթ
飬ó˻ȡʤ㾹ƭңҽƳնס治ɫ
Ц˵Ƹǲģܲٺƻ󣺡Ͷ
ΪʲôԼʱ䣿Цܲٲ飬ѧ֮
֪ԣɶڡĵܲ°ݣȡƿ
Ƽ䣬ֽһţǱг䵱ϸĲС̺ͱƸ
ͷⶾ֮£ܲٸŲɡ
ϷˣƸǼæ20 ֻսװڲ񡢻ҩȼ
ͷ죬дȷƸǡĸ֡ð¹֮
ʱֱӪƣɡʱӪʿܲپվڴͷ
ϣ˵صȴƸ˭֪౱Ӫ2 ﴦǰһ뷢𣬻÷
ƣ20 ֻһײܱˮկկдֻһŻ
һ޷ֿ޷ӱܣΣ֮ʣֻһ
죬뵽֮ϣһƬ⣬ϯӪ졣ܲٱ
ɾߣཫʿڻĽ֮С̾80 
ȫû
յҪгǰʶԤϳ仯ǰԲȡ˵ľߡ
籱γ꣬μ֪ݲԴȡʤˡ
γ˾ַ߾һɧţս
ʤ̡˶ˣ˴̽ѾԶˣʿ
ŵ˶µţ̧Ƕµʣߡ˼ʮ
˵̰ͼжٻɢַϮǡ
õ鱨ȻŲæشŶߣºܵģԲ˵
ţ°ɣЩҲܲҲˣ׷ô죿
Щȫᣬ黹Ҫǰߣ˰죬һȽ
սĵΣͣȴ˵ĵ˿Ҫƽʱ
ӭȥǵ˵ǴԶ һƣͣǲ
ƣ͵ʱսǵϢһᣬȻپ
սܵþƣ˵ǳˣϢ˺ó
ʱ䣬˶Ե˵ϢˣǿԽսˡ˫
ĲӺͰѵ˴ôܡ
Ĳ¶һȡʤ׶е֡˵֪
ѾƣôҸţ̧Ų̰ͼӣΪƭ
ˣȵ˺Զ֮ٻعͷϮǣ
һءʱϺǽսȻƣͣʿ˭
ʤ˭ѶᡣϢΪԶ·ˣͣϢһᣬ
ͻȽʹľվȣ޷սҾǸһ
ǵġ
ܰͨ飬õʵսУʹ䷢벻Ч
ǸĽ졣
թǾг淨Էн飬е֮ơʷ
սٲʤ١ȡʤߣ֮
γ꣬Үݸ磬캮ضõ10
ôܡ
ҮݸʤԺʤݡǸ֪ݺͼд˷
ţԵԼڹڴȥԸ˳γڴλ
ǰ˵飬ʹ֮ȻԼ齵ڡдԺŹ
һ͵ݡͼǸᱡıˣźɣ
֮ȥҮݸ磬ù齵׼
ҮݸõϢʮָˣ䲿ݽӹν
òҮݸ˴˵ҪݺʹͼΪҮ
ݸҪ齵ľˣҮݸԼ칦͡
첿ʮӪȥҮݸ棬Ҫ
ӪţȻһ㾭Ӫĺ£İɡ
ͼ̧ͷһǱˣҮݸ硣֪Ѿϵ÷ʱ
ָ֮Կ⼸˵Ӫͬ˻һ㣬ﻹ
·Үݸһӵϣ֮ʮѱնɱͼ
Ҳɱ
ҮݸʤϽϡݣӵ˿ڡ
Ȼس칦ȥˡ
թƶսһʩҮݸȴʤթóɹ
ͼϵƭ̰ͼǻ¡
ϡƪΪϺͶӦĲԡ״̬ǻת
ģһһûһѺۡʥ˾Ҫ˽һ
ɣʹ֮תϵûԶģͽС޳
޳ʦʥ˳Ϊκμıͬʱ
ڱ˻ڴˣͨıʹ֮ϣǷ֮
Ϊ֮ԺϣҲ֮Ϊ֮֮Эĺ
ľתΪϡ֮Ҫ˽Լ͹
ȿǰҲɺˣȿԺݣҲᡣ
֮ǻڡϡԻתԭЩ
˳ȥԳɹЩ淴ȥҲԳɹ
Ԫǰ655 ꣬׹ݹ²ݹݹɡ
ɣݹǸ塢вŸ֮׹֪ͣ
ɴȥȰ˵ɾܾͶʱֵ¹ʹߵ
׹ĳŮ顣ΪɲԸ˳׹Ϊū
عȥع·ϣһοزϵĻˡ
ӵʱ˵ϸץ¹
ʱūаɵӣȴûˣ׷
ԭ򡣻Ա¹˵ݹĳӣ·
ˡ¹ú֣ѯʰɵ˽˵
ѧʣҲǸͲţֻϧûʱ¹
У˴ɵ䣬֪ڳΪūʱ¹
ؽءи󳼶¹˵֮԰ѰɵūΪ
֪֮ͣؽأǸ߳Ǹ
ǲܹصġ¹ı⣬˵Գ
˵иūӵˣźڷƤ
ءɵͬˡ
ɵؾʱ¹ʹǰӭӣͷų
Ϊϱ¹ټɣι˵Ǹ
֮ôʸ̸ι֮أ¹˵ݹû㣬û
ȡˣǶĹɿ¹̬ȳ
ңǳԣ̸죬̸÷ǳͶ¹֮࣬
ɵ䣬˵ʮͷˡ¹˵ϧˡ
Ц˵ȥ׷񣬲ȷʵˣҸı
ߣһأаʮ㲻Ǳл
ʮ𣿡¹ϲҪɴ´Ȩƴ˵ҵ
ŸԶҵĺ壬֮ͣ˲֪ùң
¹δ˵ˣԭ
뿪޶ԶѰһҵ˵
û幫·ùˣͷʳ壬
忴ɲǵ֮ˣΪֵܣҾƶ
ɱţڡ
ã֪ɱ幫ΪŰͣȥ
ӦУΪ֪ɱλȻȡȰֹ˰ɡȻ
һ£֪һγʱɱȰ棬ʹѡ
ӼҳȰҪɣҷֻ
Ϊݹ԰ƶûȰ档
Ȱ棬Σգһûɥ
¹˰ɽΪһѵõ˲ţ
ӭɽɺΪϴ
ڱ仯У籾ƪ˵޳޳ʦԡ
¶ڼı֮Ϊκﶼ˳ķչʽʩá
ϡ֮ǰǱԾ෽ؽоӶȡӦ

ҵӪУ輦µծӪΪ֮⣬Ѻ
Ҳ֮һȡʤ
Ҫڳʱƣͱ׼ȷжϣ˵ġѺҪ
׼һ㳣ʶΪ˾ĹƱȽףϸߣ˼
άƳʹ˹ƱʱС˾ĹƱӡȻʵ֤
ġ
ųơִ漣ƻԹ˾һС˾
УѧһС˾ʱʮּѡ
ҵ˾IBM¢ȫԣϰٷ֮ʮĵ
ҹ˾ǿľ֣ССƻԹ˾Ҫ뷢
Ȼһʮѵ¡ǣʱһЩͶȻ
һʽͶС˾ΪԤ˼
꣬ҵһϵشͥ˵ԵԽ
ԽƻԹ˾ĲƷһչơ϶ҹ˾
ȻСǰ;ãƱ϶кͼ
ȻڼĹ⾰УIBM ˾ֵشĴԼĵ
߿Ƽʱһɸ˵ƻԹ˾˸˵ҵĶ
塣֮С˾ĹƱ۸ǣЩƻԹ˾
ԭʼƱķͶʼ˲Ƹӿ
ҵ֮ˣϱҲⷴ
ԽԽ
ִҵŵܾ֣ĴƷȻս
ڼ䣬ܿںĽҵո¶ͷǣҵɫ֮ʱ
Ĵؽ䵽ͷϡ
1953 ִ֣꣬аһŵ޽̡ս
ʱǣ̷꣬ܶǩԼаʱ߳7 
Ͼʱ̣˺ĵȰ֣ˮϿֹͣʩܽһ
ʧ֣һ뷨ǮʧСά´ǹ
ȻΪ˱סִⱾƲҲҪʱѹ
ִ縶˾޴Ĵۣڰʱ깤ʱذ
ʱʹá
֣Ȼش±ƲҲõ
ӮǵΣһһãͶа
˵ʱϳʵĴĿϽҵ˺͹ҵ
н˺ŵĵһڹ̡ţּн˺ŵĵڶڹ̡
ڹ̡Ǻش󹤳̾ǰȨ10 ʱ䣬
ʹ֣ġִ硱׬˷󣬶ѹͬж֣
һԾΪҵİ
ҪʹԼҵдķչԵΪ
˹ͷʳƷ˾÷żƷķʽӮ˴˿͡
˹һʳƷͷ˾ľ1957 ֥꣬Ӹоٰһ
ȫᣬΪƷ֪ȣ˹Ҳչһλá
ڲչĴƷ̫󣬲ĸ˰Ѻ˹չƷһ
չƫƧС¥
ῪʼԺ󣬲ι۵ﲻȻ˺˹̨ǰȴʮ
١˹Ϊ˿һ죬ڶһ⡣
ڲῪʼĵ죬᳡ĵϳСͭƣСͭƵı
Ͽһ֣˭ʰСͭƶȥչĸ¥Ϻ˹ʳƷ˾
дȡһƷЩСͭƶǺ˹ҹµġ
ã˹˵С¥ˮйͨˡڵš˹Сͭơ
Ҳ˱˹Ʒ񡣵Ļʱ˹׬55 Ԫ
ձµ˾ϧһݡɵصĶע˵
·
˾³֮ڴƹ˾Ե
ԡΪʵĽƵͷĹ룬ϧʴ¸Ĺ
µ˾ɹ˾֮ǡΣгƣѡ
ʹ˾תΣΪ֮Ȩʧһ
ݣóһΪ֮ãԴ򿪵ݵ·
ݱ뱸еԴáΪˣǰ˸ɵ
˾Ķ³ϣ˫вƷһءһ
ˬֱĸ˴ԣҲһΪȻһֺܲϳ
ðգ³ֿҵ̬ʵڸˣڴӦ
µ˵أãӴ
ҵ
У̾ҲˣȡСɥ¡ɡ־硱
ڡ
Цб̢һ̵ľϰףһִķ
ʶ
ɱӰѧԺӰƬͺϲ޹˾ġТ
źšһ־硢Ц硣
ӰƬԵũдɥ¡ʵᡢռصʶΪģ
Χϳµĸǻ𻯻չìܳͻϳµ
ĺôϧÿһأȴרԺϲµϾ˵ķ
롣Ͼ˵Ͻ㣨ϳµǶ״ᣬŶӰ
ӡͬΪ˿ӣϾʹ¼һأݳһɥ
¡־硣˲ƵʵҲϾһ˽
ƭǮļʶ˴ɥĺ˼תӡⲿƬӾ
кܺõЧӦ
ũЩ˸ˣǮ֪ϲ£һ
ϷеĵطĹԽԽԽԽ߽˳£
·Ұ֮ϣضѿ岼أԴ˷
ء
ԡԵģĶ빺УҲ
ȻǵҪġ磬
Ǳ밴˰˰Ȼҹ˰ȫ˰߾Ӷ࣬ˡ˰
飬һȳϾһ˰30 40 Ԫ1 Ͼ
֮䶯ʱ侹ȫۿա˰ŵ
С
Ϥѯ첻ϣи塢塢ҵҵĲ
ԱҲйҵģֱѯʡ˰鵽ûУ
˽⣬ϾһѧҲ˱˰ѧĿγ̡
ͼ鷢в˽⵽ЩеС١еݡʵ
սԡǿֱӴĳĳطˣôֱ
ġ˰ѧйزŵعע˰ŵȨʿԷԣ
˰ܾ쵼Ϊֺܲ󡱡ȻǷ
Ҫγɵġ
ʵУ˿ʱҲݺ֮б仯ϰڳ档
統սУ˽֪Ч棬Ȼȴн֮仯
磺
̨һ۾̵꣬Ŀŵͷʾƾűɺ͹ģ
ÿ»300 ԪѣԱֲƷ˥ǣΪ˹˿
۾ڵӺ͵̨棬δ
Ǯ˿͹ǸǣõƷ۱ˡһй
ʱ˿ַǷ
ɳǽһʳƷ˾ľӣ
ʱ֣ŵһ
ĻζʹʳֻɫĹ棬ʹù˾

ʿһƤ£١Աһʾô
Ψһȱǣʹ㲻òʹӵǰë¡߿
׹Ϊִ±ůǿٴë¡
ڶսʱмһǳϣյ
һ֡ϣաĻ񡣸ûһϣյĻ񣬲
ƬͿ۲ÿһ񶼷·ϣһΣȰ
ƽ˵ƺһκޣӱϣաܿ
Ϊֻ
ƪ
ƪ
[ԭ]
֮ߣ֮Ȩ֮顣Ȩڲ󣬲ǿ
֮Ƣۣ鲻󣬲֪仯֮νȨԻڴ
Сıڹѡƻޣ١ķ಻㼸Σ֮
뺦ı볤̣Ⱥ֮裬͡벻Ф͢
֪֮١ࣿʱ֮뼪ף֮á벻ã
֮ȥͱ仯밲Σá㡢֪ߣ
νȨ
ߣϲ֮ʱҲҲ飻
֮ʱҲжҲ飺֪ݡ
ж֪ߣҴף֪ޡ
ߣμ⣻ʳߣ֪ߣν顣
ʼƹߣȨ˵飻ıسڴˡ
˿ɹ˿ɼ˿ء˿ᡢ˿˿ɺ˿ɳɡ˿ɰܣ
һҲ֮ʥ֮ıǴ飬֮ı֮
Ҳ˵֮ҲˣĪȡ¶ΪԻ
˾Աʱıǣʹ͛䶯⣬޲(11)
±䡣¿֮(12)Ҳ˴Գ£֮
[ע]
ٴƲԷ
ȨǳӳȨǳõȡ
۳ƣӣƽ
ܱͣŴƱΪʦͲʿˡ
ݱ䣺ָöϲ仯ԡ
ĸݡ
߼֡
ͨ
ʱ䣺ץסʱ
䶯ﷺָܷС䶯С档
(11)޲ûв֮߱ĵĶ֮޲
뺦ء
(12)֮ƣϸ΢ϸ΢̬ơ
[]
ʱµˣȻذչҵķչƣ
ľΡʵʱƣȨͲ֪
ǿܵشƣ㲻֪ε
ķչ仯
ʲôȨʧأ׼ȷ⣨ԷԭС٣
ƻޣԤѣƶж٣
սУֱɽòҪƽףĴ뼺Ĵ뼺к
ƲʱĸǳߣĸȨ֮ơھϵУҪ֪
Щ͵£Щ˲ɣıʿУĸǶıĸƽӹ֮
š˵ĸʱʲôǼģʲôյģУ˭
ǿЧģ˭ǲЧģжϰյʱƽ
ģǾΣյģʲôϰϲõģʲôϰģ˳
ߣЩҪ죬ЩԴ仯ơ׼ȷ
̬չ仯֮󣬲ܳΪʱƣȨ׵ʧ
Ħ飬˵ıʿӦڶԷ˵ʱȥ˵ҪʹԸ
ֻ͡ҪԷͲԸʵڶԷ
ɣʱȥ˵Ҫʹ㡣Է
£ʱҲʵΪԷʱ򣬳
ӳ̬仯֮СԷжȴ¶ⲿ̬У
ȲҪżҪֱۣ˵һЩϤĶ
˵һЩʹе׽飬Ϳ֪¶ɫݡһ
˵е֮ⲿ̬ˣʱزչɫ֪
˵ν顱
߹ҴµˣȨʧףͬ˵ı
ʿҲᴧĦ߻ıԡ̽˵󣬾ͬ
֮ʹ˸ҲʹƶʹȨҲ
ʹ΢ʹ棬Ҳʹܺʹ˳ɹҲʹ
ʧܣЩǴ֮ĺԣʹĴ£
֮˵Ĵϻۣʱƣ̽Ĵ֮ʵ
ʵҲȻʶɴ˿֪֮ǲ߻Ļ
˵Ļ
鷢ǰԤϡԤϣһ
ġ˵֮԰õġ֮ʱݲ
ͬʱơ̬жϡʵУķ䶯ǰ
ɴڣӦڻﶼȫڱ仯֮С
һʼһ΢С̬ơߣҪúԴװ
γ£Է˵
[]
˼顢ԱƲ﷢չķ
Ȩĵʧס
Ҫ´£ڡ֮Ȩ֮顱ֻȫ
һҵĹ󣬲ʩ¡νķΧǼ
ġ漰Ҿϵչ򡢹ʡʱף
Դ
μҳ˻ᡰȨ֮⣬ڡ顱˵ˣν
˵顱顱Ҫ׼ȷж϶Է
Ϊ˵˼б֣ɱطЩĵĶ
Ȼ顱׽ʵСνˣ
Ī¶ΪΪıǰںȻ֪Ȼ
Ĳõذ࣬ʹıҪһܶĹ̵ġ
ʵ֤ı֮ʱ顱ʮַḻģ¶졣Ҫ
淽ʤ
ڽʷϣܶ죬ɻ̵׳٣
Ϊıȣˡյʩзʵ鲢
͸ж˵սľֳƿ졣
19 30 ĩʱңɥĲй붾Ʒѻ
Ƭÿ3 䡣׬й߽ͳΡ
ε˶ʳѻƬߣΪ̹壬ʲƣ
⵽ƻΣǰ;һصʵ
ԱͰʿ׷Ҫ̡ʵΪά⽨ͳΣ
ܶΪ󳼣㶫ѻƬʱ㶫ʱ
Ҷҹ˽ѻƬҪɢء
1839 3 £쵽˹ݡѻƬ̷Ӽй˽
ѻƬĲ֮ͽϣΪ˴ν̣û
ʲôĲͬǷС߹ˡ
ףѻƬ̷ͬйѻƬ˽ߣһЩ
ĵط١ˮʦ̨ȣγһܵķҪܲף
취󳼵ԯԽԺȻ
ټԽ㡢ԺҵˣҪԳ⿼
ԣǽѧϰɼʵϣԾڼӣ
Եѧ͸֪йѻƬⶼдۣ˽
ѻƬߵ˺͵ص㣬Լʱ䡢;ֶεȡʲô
Լ֪лߡܻߵΪȼѧİ
ʹ˽Ҫ
쾭˽һܶ͢塢㶫ˮʦᶽ
ȣйķ˽ѻƬߣһ沼ܼ֯ͨ
ӢȹĴѻƬˣڽѻƬ֤
ѻƬ˵ѻƬһδһղأ
ʼգֹ֮ѻƬ̿Ʋͼ֮󼪣
ɳذսסӢѻƬһģ
ֻýʮѻƬָ̡ӣ1839 6 3
ڹݻź̲ջȫսɵѻƬ̡
ı߲ºıڽ֮϶ѻƬ
Ӿ׷ѻƬóףѻƬģвͻݾߡ
ˣʵ£ʵ飬ĴѸײڶ֮ͻȻ
ս˴ѻƬ̵̣Գɹ
顱ηôɱ֮ʷҲ֤
Ƕ͵ʱһλȨԼǻʺڳн
衣ССĹԱûвģ
һ꣬檣عԱءп̫Ҳ׼˺
̫һĹԱܴϻۡϸģסΪרȨ
й࣬պɱ֮Ȱ̫زҪ˵
ʷרȨݣмк³ģԽͻ
ԾӣΪΪùӿ쵽ˡϣһһ⾴ϡ
񼽫ݺֻ̫˸еΪѣ
µʱܣֹˣǰ˵
ִҪ񼽫Ҳûʲô˵ֻĲ½
ɣ֤ʹ⡣̫ͬˡ
ЯƷ·Ժ󣬽˴̽ʱ͢е
¹֮ìܺŻʵ۶ݻԹϢ
ڲʱоͻбʣ
ԱУʱ䣬±䡣յߵʱ򣬴ӾǴ
ɱϢԭ͵ۣ14 ֪꣩ݼҪı
Լ֧г̻¹֣ڣɱܾͬɱˡ˵
󣬵һЦ˷أ̫ظ
ܵ£źнУ߲٣ɱء
ܵĵȻҲ١Ω̫أû佻Ȼ̫ؾҲ
ͷԺΪˡΡ
˼顷ƪΪʹ֮ʥ֮ı
ûдҲ޷֪Ķ˵ıԵĸ˵
Ҫܶôˣܴʶˣͬʱ黹ûз
ǰ֪ķչͽѵģ˵
ѵĪסԷеı仯
³Cӳʹ·׹ȳ²
׹ȳ֣ȴ֣Ⱦƺȵ֮ʣѱ͸
Cӡ
CӴӽ־ȴ׹ȳĳ˵
ǰ׹ȳܻǢ¾Ϊʲô
أC˵ңңҪһһǳ
֣ȴ죬ұʾǳȾƺȵ֮
ʣѱ͸ңǰѱиң
лҰɣ
C뿪30 ڹȻɱ׹ȳΪ
ѳѣCӻص³ȥ׹ȳӺͺӣ׹
ӳCӰѱ񽻸
˵£˵ǻۿͨ΢ķʽı
ʴȿиģžCӰɣ
幫ȥܳ˵ҹԲ𣬸ռ˵
Ϳɽɽ´ֻҹϣ·ȥͿɽɽ
ӴӦڽӴʹߣͳȥˡ
ɺ˵Ϳɽɽ󸣣
ºƵ飬Ǳȴֳ֮ɫб飬ϣ
ӷսʿý䱸ȴš
ϣȻ飬Ȼû12
ʿ棬ɹϮġ˾סĳأ

˵ɺ۲Ҳ˵ͷѲǵƾ˵
ж顣
ûС޷֪Ķ˵顱ıߵĸ
뻸ııδͱ֪ˣ
е֣ʲôԭأ˵һдˡ
˵˵ʱһķ۵ˣž˰ɣ
Ǿ۵ۣ
һ۵жˡ˵һ
ǸϢȥˡǾԱٺֱ
̨վ˵Ϣɣ˵
ǵġ˵û˵ĻΪʲôҪ
Ϣأش˵˵ıСڴ⣬
˽ﴧģ˵ʲôģش˵
˵ɫ¶ϲ֮ɫӹĳʱɫ
䰲֮ɫǾɥʱɫŭ壬Ӷñ
ʱɫ̨ŭ壬Ӷñ̵
ɫſˣûбϣ˵ǡ족첲ָ㣬
ָ˽¿ǣвϹ˳ģֻɣ
ҾʹϢ
£˵˵Ļ֮
šٵı֮
ɡ顱ص˼룬ʹ˻óɹ
һλղؼҾٰӻչóɹһղؼ
ŵأղؼΪչƷϧǧһ
ΪʲôղһЩӻأչӻ׼һҵġʧ֮
Ǽ۸5 ԪʿĻûжãղ200 
ӻ
1974 ꣬ڱֽϵǳ棬Ҫٰ׽ӻչĿ
ڱȽѧ𣬴Ӷֺûֵ
ϣչǻӭصĹΪѳΪ̸
۵Ļ⡣ںܶ࣬ȿֺιۣ˴ظιۡ
ؾٰչܳɹ㡰ӻչ֮ǰ뵽Ǵ
ڡ淴Ͷĺ档ǵĻӭԳɹ
ҵǷƱá顱ӦóԽǵʶӭϹ˿
ȡóɹ
ƤǷװԭǷҵѧͽ
ķʱװʦ
1950 ꣬ƤԼ̵ꡣ1953 ꣬ԭķװӪ
ʽ˿ԵĸĸԱʹʱװռߡ
¡ıС²ϸ¿ʽʹȫĿŮ
лᴩƵʱװȻָıɫķװʦֻŮװĴ
ͳоװһ֯˸ʽչֱӴӴѧƸʱ
װģأԸõչʾƵ¿ʽĸַװʱװĴ
ֱ͵ٻ˾ȥ෨˵Ȱ裬ִ
װ¿ʽ»ɫƷڶйߣ
йж۷װܵӭͬʱǵҪ
ϸĽơ
ѯĳɹؾʱ˵һҪ¡Ҫ룬
ʵֲ֣ϽһɣҰɵҵ
¾۹⣬סʱʱƣϵƳ³
£ӦߵҪҪͨͨá
ʵı仯ʹҵ仯ļӿ죬ʳҵ
ʹҵ֪йļӿ죬й
һҪͽճʳȺ塣Ϲ˾³
ʳƷ˾ܲ÷Ůʿ̹ԣȫ綼й顰Ůء
Ǯ㲻׬׬ϰ忴׼йĿг
ķ˹ըϵ»缦͡С
ʤͱȷ׷׽й仧ҼҼ𱬣ϵ»
͡ķֵ꿪һһҡ͵ĹƺʾйҵҲѸ
ٷչȥףйרҵ͹˾ٶңͬʽ
Ӫļҵ˰ٶҡǱˡʹսעĿ
ġϵ»缦ٻĹ¡
ǰйʮʡмйصλʮλרҡѧ߼
ڱרйĿҵչ⣬ǲܲϡй
ھȷʵѵйͣԭأй͹ģ̫С
á͡͵й׶ƽض·ڴǸҫ
۵ĴM ʱй˶̾佳Ķ˺;޴
һҪۺĲ֧֡Ϻġٻڱ
͡ڽһҷֵ꣬Ŭ߶洵ڶǷ
Ĳ졣νָҵеϵͳ
һӲָʹȽ豸빤ߣ͵Ŀˮ
ߡ淶Чܵķù˿͵
ƵϵͳԴ˶ķ̬ȼ
ķɡϵ»͡ȫеͬĿ
ʵ˱׼ϵͳͨûмϸȫͳ
һķй͵װ޵òȴסԱ
֭Ĩɨͷͷͣڵˮƽϡ
⣬ĳʽ͵ϰʶ˵ˡ
Ȼ͵ĳɹйʾҲйҵ
йҵУȷһЩҵߵıȽϿ졣Ʃ磬ֺšȫ
¡Ѽꡣ1993 йȫ۵¼źʽȫ۵¿Ѽ
޹˾ԹɷƵʽǧңȡ˾Ĳ
֧֣£һǾٰ׽조ȫ۵¡÷
Ѹطɢһٶʦ񡢹Աһͨͳһ
ѵɳԱָ⣬ɼص¹
Ĳ÷İķ˹صԼ¼µȵسｨֵ꣬Դͳϯ
͡ʳƷ徭Ӫʽȫ۵¿Ѽ硣һֵû
ӭͷйʳʳĻԨԶʳﺣ⡣ֻ
Ҫϲ֢࣬ҩۼѵ飬ﳤ̣ܶأչ
Լɫִôйҵضǹ
ģʤ
ʵУҲӦо״Ħ飬ֲìܵԭ
гУǼۡһ˿ͷӦǿҵ⣬Ҳг˶
ڱ֣Դ󣬾Ӫ߶ӡ
ʵϣг۵˾÷չıȻ֮⣬Ϊء
1994 걱м첿Ŀĵؼ40 ֱص
ƷǼ۵УΪҪһ档Ϊг
ģˣЩƷԸ۸ȻɸӦг
ЧƣȫԶĿǰΪһǱǼۣĳЩƷ
װ׷ߵɣװ۸Ҳ֮ȥӲǼۣ
һЩҵλڼ۸ϻʱȣ̧ۡг£ͨгĸ
Ʒļ۸ǺġԽԽΪȴǲ
ġſг۸񣬲ۿԷǵг
ܲ죬Чصڼ۸£һй
ŲȡҪĵءලʩȷгһҪ
߼ʱձҪļ۸֪ʶǿұʶԾάߵĺϷ
Ȩ档
ƷǼ۵ķҪĦʵ飬ԲߣһŶۡ
ȡƪ
Ħƪڰ
[ԭ]
Ħߴ֮Ҳڷߴ֮Ҳ֮еܡ΢Ħ֮
֮̽ڷӦӦҲΪ֮ݡ΢ȥ֮ν
Ѣޡˢߡò飬˲֪ʳ¶޻Ħ֮ڴˣ
֮ڱˡӶӦ֮޲ɡ
֮ĦߣٵԨͶ֮صɡԻ¢
ճɶ˲֪ʤ˲ηҲʥı֮(11)Ի񡱣
֮(12)ԻνճɡߣҲ֮
֪(13)Ҳ(14)֪֮Ȼ±֮
Ҳʤߣսڲ(15)֪Է֪
η±֮(16)
ĦߣƽϲŭУ
ţԱ(17)ƽ߾ҲֱҲϲҲŭ߶Ҳ
߷(18)Ҳ߳(19)Ҳ߽ҲҲҲҲ
(20)ʥߣ˽֮Ȼ޳ɹߣ֮ҲıĪ
ܣ˵ĪϤĪڱسɣߣΨʥȻΡ
ıܣͨ˵ҲԻ϶(21)Ҳ
³ɱغԻ(22)ʱż(23)Ҳ˵غ飬
Իࣺнȼƽעˮʪ
妡ӦƩҲڷ֮ӦĦҲǡԻĦ֮
࣬вӦߣĦ֮вߣԻ֮(24)
(25)(26)ɶ(27)ö(28)
[ע]
ĦĦ˼
ڷڣͱ⡣
۴֮ù۲ķж״Ǵ

нС
Ϊ֮ԼӦȡİ취Ϊ
޽ѣؽѡ
߶ˣʼǰס
֮˺Ӧ
£顣ָӵľӡ
(11)ı֮߻֪
(12)֮ʹ˹˽⡣
(13)Ϊʲôأ
(14)Ӧߵ·
(15)ѣʹľѣ˼ǷδȻ
(16)֮֮Ϊ
(17)Ħ??Ա˵ԸǧĦķҲкܶ֡
(18)
(19)ɣʹɹ۲Է
(20)ҲԻڱ׾Ϊӭ϶Է˼
(21)϶ܵ˼
(22)
(23)ʱżȨʱߺһܳ£żǰͬ˳ء
֮⡣
(24)ֻ֮ʥʵдĦ֮
(25)ߣͨ΢ˡ
(26)ʧ
(27)ɶɣҲӹ
(28)öɣö֮һܳɹ
[]
νĦһ롰顱ƵķĻǡĶ
С顱ʱСĹɿЩȴֵġʵ
ȥĦʱҪݶԷͶýв̽ͻͨⲿ
ӳڵĸҪֳȻҪΪǡĦ
á
ڡĦ֮Ҫʵ뿪ԷѵؽѸһ
ۼαװرʵ飬ʹ޷֪˭ɵ¡
£ȴڴ˴ĦԷҪһ۲Է
֣˳ӦɣʹҷĦڶԷӦ飬ɡ
ŴڡĦˣŵˮ̶ȥһֻҪѴ
ŶʳĹͶˮУһԵ㡣˵һɹ
ȴûвֵľѹоȴû˸е־壨Ǹģ
ʥıʲôжڰнеģԱΪ񡱣³ɹ
ڹ컯֮£ԱΪνճɡǰл
Уϰհҵȴ֪ΪʲôܵЩôǻڰ
Уϰȴ֪Ϊʲôľ档ǰѡı
֮֮βԳΪЩ־Ӷѹ
˵ͳ˧ֲиоԿȴȥǶأϰ
Ҳ֪ΪεйݷҲ֪ʲôǿ־塣Ϊˣ¶ơı֮
֮ľ²Ϊ
ʵʩĦʱúƽģģԵģ
÷ŭģŵģΪȵģлģ
˵ģջģǫȡġƽ
Ǹֱ־ϲãŭţΪʵʩ
Ǹɾȡǫġԣʥ
ʩõġĦ֮ƽҲԾУȻûóɹģ
Ϊòˣıԣѵľܵܣ˵
ѵľöԷȫѵţ£ѵľǱذɹ
ֻгΪʥ˲ʤΡ
˵ıܵܣ˵Ҫѡѹ۵ͨĶ˵
ҪȽиɻҪʹ֮ȡóɹʵ
˵͹۹ʱġ˵˱ʹ
ѵ˵ǺﶼиԵĹɡ
ñȱŲһȥĲݾŻȼգƽصˮʪ
طҪȴˮЩӦġԴƣҲ
ġǡڷ롰ĦӦĵ˵
ͬʵʩĦ֮вӦأݱ˵ߵ
ʩСĦ֮в˵أ˵ֻʥʵдĦ֮
ͨ΢˶պʱгɼҲӹ쳤վþһȡ
ɹ
[]
Ħƪǡƪƪ
ĦΪоĦƲ顣ԡĦǡ֮
顱͡Ħ⡱Ĺɣг¡ν֮е
΢֮Ĺؼǣò飬˲֪ʳ޻
ǳɾ͸ҵĹɡΡáµȻиĪ⡣
ĦǣĹؼˡԻʥı֮
Ի񣬳֮Ի߳ĸԵĽ
ȹ۲죬ıΪһġ޾֮ı֮硣ԡ
ıǽյı壬ʹĸС
ӡı£ΪһƣŮ
ߣ֮Ҳ֮ǧߣ֮Ҳ֮ǧ
Ů֮֮֮϶Ϊӣ֮ıҲ
ɴ˿֪˲ǹһ۹ı˶߶ȵ
۹ıڳɾʹµĹһ㣬ֵԡı
صģȻɾ͵ĴȴȻ׿Խ֮
ĿȻľ߳Դڡıôıʵֵ
ΣΪ顱Ħ⡱
顱Ħ⡱˳áƪʮ֡Ħ
ĻʽƽϲŭСšʮʮ
ȴԲβ̳С
νʮǡĦʮоķȷΪĿ
ĺ󣬼񷨶֮
ĦΪʽҲйɵġġĦߡڶ˼
ͬߴһͶعȽԵã
ҲȻϹˡնģӶ˵ıʹ֮ҷ
ƴӣǼ¡ȻۣȺ֣һĹɣͬ
ĽǶʶıģ±£ܹԦˣԦ¡
ʷũ嶼ġس桢ˣ
ˣƽˡȫҲԴˡĦģԱı
塣
ȫ㶫ˣ׿徭ȣͶŽɽ
ȫƷȰԡӰ£˰ϵ۽̡
Ⱥдˡԭ衷ȣ˵йԭŷһɷȽ
ħаֻϵ۲Ψһ
Ϊ˹ƷĶȫıһ
񻰡˵ȫڿʧܺõġȰԡǻ
۴͸ġ顱صҺ40 졣ڴڼ䣬ʹ·
ȥĸʥΪϴȥۻ࣬ʥ֮ʿΪʿظ
մ̥ǡȫһλڽɫϵأò
ΰθߴ󣬸߾ᱦ֮ϵˡλ˾ǳԽʱգܵ
ϵۡϵۼȫʮָˣ˵ȫĴӣ
ϸȫ磬ֺֻУԺࡣ
Ȼ󣬻ϵش͸һڱһӡϵ۵ĳӣҲ
Үֽñնħӡаı󣬻ϵ
ȫ·˼̫ƽ
̫ƽǰϦȫõνŷʽ
һϵۻԱʱ֮ʹӭãã
һϵۻԱ鸽һͯϡͯȻԣ
дʡ˶һʳһ񼫡˶һ顱
֣ʳ㡱֣һȫ֣ľ
˼ǣȫǵľ
ȫһϵ֮·Ĺ£ǻĵ񻰣
ʱȺڣеϣıܿѵˣһ
ӳ˼䲻ƽȫһҪ̫ƽ
ũ˶
ʷоҲڴĦоУֶԽ￼֤
ڡ
磬ĩܲڳ֮սΪʲôܣԭһֱԪ208
꣨ʮܾ꣩ȷʵܳڣȻһǧ˵
ۡΪѧ߶ԡۡɣΪٰܱܲ
ҪԭǼۡûеġʷⷽļز١
ġ־ļ
ʮ??£??ڣ뱸սǴ
ߣʿ־κ顤۴ǲ
ԽȨȨǲ褡յˮܹսڳڣ
֮۴ˮ½׷Ͽʱּߣ
ܾ顣־顤
褡ΪҶˣȨڳڣƲܹ
ബˣʿ伢ߣߴ롣־顤
ڲܾ߲еʱ־ƺδͨ
˵ʮס
??ܲڳڣʱܾмߡһսپ
νͨ׵۽ʮ꡷ʮ壩ɼܾ
ڳ֮ս֮ǰ
֮ս֮󣬲ܲٸȨдţսĲ˵
ֵۣ֮мմˣܲȨ顷
ʷѧ岮ҲΪٰܱܲԭǡܲԶƣ
ʱߣսǿ
ΪܲϰǾסˡġҲ
㡰ġܲٱܳڣ˾·ԭ򣬼п
˵һҪԭ
ɴ˿֪ѧоʷ֤ĽҲڶ̬ĴĦе
۵ġ
Ħͨ˱ֳȥ˽εĦ
һַĦ֮ڲзӦڷĦѣѡ
ʱĦҪöԷر˵ʱȥʹȣ޷
뷨Ӷ飻߳öԷر־ʱȥǵĿ
壬ʹ䲻Գ֣¶ʵ⡣䶯ȻҪߣ
Կͨ˵жĵĻĦķܶ࣬
úƽѣ÷ֺã÷ŭ̼ţ
жȣл˵ջ󣬿ǫ
ƭ
꣬ɴ󽫾ū೬ҲЧ
ΪͬԸūɰ೬Ϊʹߵȥ
೬һ36 ˣǧ࣬۷ơʼ죬۷
̬ȺѺãͱ䵭ˡ೬룬һūʹǰʩ
ѹʹ۷ҽӽʹߡǡ۷ã೬
֪ʣūʹˣסʲôط±
Ű೬˵ģ೬ôһʣ۷߸סˣֻ˵
ʵѾ죬פʮ
೬߿ټʮԱԲߣ
˵޷ūʹ߲ŵ죬۷
̬Ⱦͱˡץ͸ūˣǵʬҲܻ
ˡǿô죿
Ҷ˵˽Ҫͷġ೬˵뻢Ѩ
ûӡֻһ취źҹū˷𹥣ʹ
жˣһңǾܰȫʰūʹߣ۷
ŻԺѺáͬʾͬ
˺ҹ೬36 ׳ʿ͵ϮūʹߵӪأ10 
ź˷Żʣɱȥһʱ䣬ūӪʴ
ܣɱһƬū˴оѣӴܣ˰೬
˵ĵ֮
ս󣬰೬˰۷ūʹߵ׼۷
ŵɫ೬˻Ȱ뺺ƹϵ۷ͷǡ
Ϊ˱ʾ⣬۷ԼĶ͵ȥʡ
೬һ¼ḷ̺ܸ̌ˣ೬͢빦
ǰ೬Ϊ˾еΡ
೬˫ȫӦ䣬ͨ۷ı仯жĻ
û𹥵İ취ūʹߣʹ۷ƹ뺺Ѻá
ͳҪҲӦӮð֮ģʱƣڡ峯
ָֹ̡̲ѻƬָ̲ݡ
̲ݣ17 ҶʼΣɱйʶ֮
ʿǣʱҽŽڡȫ顷п̾˵̲ݣԹ
δҲʱʼ֮䣬Ժֲ̲ӣ
ˣΣķΣǧй˵Ľ
δ꣬ͯӣĪʳ̡ߣŮܽ
̴̹뾵߲ӡһʱ䣬ŮףԵӡ
Ŀġ
˿䣬ǡεȻɷ硱Ұ֮У۳񣬲
ָ棬˳Ͳһ˳
ͲΪţʱĻͲˣľ죬
ͭԴˣʵΪǣΪɶǳ̣
ܺ˾ҲԣǰϻʵҲǲԵġ
ȡϴʩȴӳд󳼿ʼ̶ȫΧڣչ̣
̻
һ糯֮ʱѡС̴󳼡֮ƵʷֱͳԪ
顣ڸÿʹˮ̹һ֧乫
ݡܳ²ּװ̵˭֪ǲһڣ
̻͸ˮֱ̹ðűٱžžֱ
Բϡڳӣ޲⣻ʷ¶ˣ֪
ϵĿˣԴһªϰ񱡣˾ٳɹּ
ȫ񣬽ֹ̣֮
֮ͳ򣬴Ħ
ʤˣ˳ɹ
絽¹ȥйˣڷ˸·ɻȻ
ǰĿĵءվڻ棬еͨɷɻ˻𳵵
ʹ˼ķ㡣
ŷңɻվһģִ
һʡվڷÿͼ֪Լڷ
ڻվֲͬͨϵͳȫΪһ塣
ͬŷ޹ȣ¹վںϵĽ跽滹״
̬ˣ¹ոЭҪѸٲҪһΡڷ˸
վ˻ȥϷɻÿߡT993 3200 ɻ
Уֻ29ڴת˻𳵣ԼСĶ534ʹó
Сռ116ʹ⳵Լռ27ʹùռ32
Ľ»42ĸϷɻĳ˿ͣ˻ȥСֻռ
40
¹ոЭ³ޱʩǿɻĿǣÿ
ķֲ򹫹ͨбл踻Ĺͨ
ϵͳʹӵĹ·ͨת·Ļ
ȾΪˣ¹ͨżƻڿ¡/վʹûͬ
·ЭԤƣһƻп2000 ʵ֡
վҲǿнͨӵҪݺոЭͳƣ
һȵ¹ʻ͵ÿͳ2000 ˴Σȥͬ
53ɻ𽵴31
ŷޣʿڻվͨʩ洦ȵλʿĻ
վΪÿͱùݡҲǷɻ·ˣÿ
ġ
ҵУĦ⡱ǱҪֻгԱ͹
͵Ĳͬܳɹ
¼漯ŵĴʼǰƸԱΪӡһǾ˽
ܣϸԣȡѧУƼǰʮʽ¼á
Ա;ϣؼǰġˡ֮
ǰһʼͲȡӶơ˾չԱҽҩȸ
źշֺ죬ݺÿаµݽ𡣹˾ÿ
20ӯΪù˾ְԱշֺ졣1950 漯Ż5000 Ԫ
շֺʹ100 Ԫеķֹ˾ְԱ쵽35 н
շֺ죬Ҳнķֺ졣õλתΪӯʱӸ
ӦְַԱĻп۳ǰԤȷַĻʣǸ
ԷַʵʽڼŵְԱֱӹҹְԱԼ
ŶһֹУɾʮ㡣ʹڼռӰӵҲԹԡ
漯Ŵ1951 꿪ʼʵСƶȡ涨Աÿ¾н
п۳5ŸԱн10еر𻧣ת
Ա£ʹԱݺбϡ
漯ŻƶˡݡļƻʹÿһλְԱӵԼ
ݡϢķʽԼ3 нְܶԱݣ
ҵǼšÿջУְԱĻһΪ
򷿴ֱ塣ȻͰԼְԱ鼺С
漯ʵƶȣְԱʮΪΪм
ӡǸԱ¼һ仰ûб
ߡ
һУǵһءžӪĺûǰ;Σ
ȫְθкͻԷֲġüӶƣź
ְԱĺ֮ǣȫĵͶ뵽Уʹŷչõġ
ˡ֮
ҵӪУ˵صһձġۣ
صƳƵѭľӪԣ˳ɹ
ձ﹤ҵ˾ءӪҹ˾ձ
칫˾
Լһ׶صľӪԣ֮ǡƵѭ
˵??ʴȾͻѭǣʴǺͱ֮䲻ͣѭת
Ϊҵ׬Ǯƣ󲻿ɶ̡Ϊˣ﹫˾
֣СַϺõĲƷļ۸
1/3 ߣ1/3 ۹˾Ʒľ̼̣1/3 
ҵְ͹ɶ
Ӫԭ򣬼Ҫ˾Աڱ˾Ĵʻϴ
˾ÿ°ձеĶڴʣְ֧Ϣְ
˺ܴڹ˾ÿ֧ĺУﱾռ16
ռ24ɱ˾ְˣ˾Ա򱾹˾
Ʊ涨˾5 ְɹ򱾹˾ĹƱȡ
ÿ18Ľϸ߹ϢعְԱͶʡڰ칫ƶϣʵ
ָӡЭͼලʵма칫ڿ͹ϴǿ˹Чʡ
ҵӪУձı棬Ħ⡱ǳ
ɹġӽ֣˳г
˾ĽγгΪ֡1986
꣬˾69 γ1989 75 ڼô
8 1993 200 
ΪڵǿֵĹҵУ⿿ģǳɲ˵һ
ҵġֻͶܴгˣֶķ
룬ӶӮг
60 Ժ󣬽γѳΪձĴڻͨߡڵʱ
ϴһЩ⣬ʹ󣬳Ϊһ󹫺ץס
⣬ʼԿ͹Ϊ1972 ꣬
Ƴ͹棬״η˹𷴹Ҫ꣬
ڽγȡóɹʹƷ
ء˲˹յȣתõ͹ļȡɹ۵

Ħ⡱ڳʤ
и˸¼ˮ֮¼׬˴Ǯ
ˡһݼʱСٲˮС
¼רŵһЩϡٵĵطι䣬¼С
ϪСٲСӵˮȻСȣȻ󣬸Ƴ¼
Ը߼۳ۡ¡ǹˮġˮ¼
ࡣˮʮֳΪ˽⵽оֳܸ
֮࣬ȴ޷ѡϣرŴȻ¼
ͳΪƷǴȻ֮УȻ
õ㡣ңЩʧҲû뵽ˡˮ¼Ҳ
֪˯ˣʹʧ߽硣˿׼ĿͶ룬ȡ
ʤ׬˴Ǯ
и˾Ħ⡱ǵƮġ˲ơ
︣һҹ˾µҵ񡣷25 Ԫ˾Ϳ԰
δǣ˾ΪЩ˳֤
˾һŸϵ̫λͼЩͼʵǼʵ
ƬǻƵĻǶԼǹ棬
ֺع򡣸ù˾˲ơҲ֪һŻѣֱ
һ׮Ʈ¡
һɹ˵˹˾ľӪߡĦ⡱ɹǡĦ⡱˶
ԼӶ˲ơ
Ȩƪ
Ȩƪھ
[ԭ]
˵ߣ˵֮Ҳڣ˵֮ߣʢ֮ҲԢߣ٢֮Ҳ֮ߣ
ҲӦԢǢҲߣۢҲߣ֮Ҳ
֮ߣҲ(11)ߣȴ(12)Ҳȴߣ(13)Ҳߣ
ƶң(14)ߣǣƽ(15)ߣ£(16)ߣ
Ȩţ(17)ߣʤߣҲĴߣҲ
ѡıߣȨҲ(18)ߣҲȷֲ(19)Ϸ(20)ߣ
Ҳ
ʿ߻(21)ҲԹرҲĿߣ֮(22)Ҳ
а(23)Ի(24)Ӧ(25)ʷԶң
(26)ԣ׶ΣߣҪĿߣʾɫ
ߣɸʲߣ֮Ҳߣ֮
ҲвͨߣʲҲԻڿʳԡ
Ҳڿ˸(27)Ҳ
֮飬ɡǹ߲̣֮
׾֮ʲҲߣҲ
кߣҲʽ(28)֮ҲԼ(29)֮Ҳ
Զ󧡣̸֪֪Ҳ
Ի塢ԻԻԹԻǡԻŭԻϲԻߣ
˥ҲԹߣҲߣйҲŭߣ
ҲϲߣɢҪҲߣ֮֮
ԣڲ(30)׾(31)ԣڱ磻(32)ԣҪ(33)
ԣƣ븻ԣڸ(34)ƶԣԣ
ǫԣڸ(35)ԣ񣬴Ҳ˳
֮ǹԣ֮벻ԣԽ֮ΪҲ
Զ࣬¶䡣ԣʧ࣬²ҡձ䣬ʧ
ǹϣǹǹ(36)
[ע]
Ȩõ룬ɺı仯
˵ߣ˵֮Ҳν˵˵ˡ
ʣ˼ҲǸס
ԣԵԣҲǺܺĻݼ٣ʵ
˼
Ӧԣ
ǣȨ֮ƻʱܵۡ
ۣӺõۡ
ߣ֮ԣҪα
(11)ԣָԷԴʵĻ
(12)ȴۣ۵
(13)ճԷصĻ΢֮£ͬ
(14)ԣĵԴʡ
(15)ƽԣƽʵɿۡ
(16)ԣɫۣǵ˼
(17)ԣƽʱ˵Ļ
(18)᣺˵˼ҲǾֹ
(19)ȷֲ㣺Լ֮
(20)Ϸǣ˵Ĺ
(21)߻أǱ˼١
(22)Ŀ֮ĿѼ鱨
(23)аǶаǲ
(24)Σָģۣٶԡͬ
(25)ĵ
(26)裺ڿзƣڿչỮԲ
̬
(27)ڿ˸кܶ˶˵μᶨĶᶯҡ
ΪӦ
(28)棺Ǽ׻ףǴм׿ǵ档
(29)棺ָö˵ĳӡ
(30)ѧŵ˼
(31)׾ߣˡŸɵµˡ
(32)磺ۣ۱硣
(33)ҪŦҪ㡣
(34)ߣָ߶ȼС
(35)ңҽȡʡ
(36)??ǹ棺þͲαңǻ۸߾ܱ
ɷԱǷǡܷ֮Ӵ߾ͻɹ
ش߶Ϊ
[]
ν˵Ƕ˽Ȱ˵˽˵Ŀģ˵˰
˵Ҫδʣû˵ˡû˵ˣҪ
Ӧ䣬áش˵ʻҪ⽻ν
һεԴǡֵۣҪα
αҪ֤ǷȷѶԷԴǣǷԶԷ۵
۵ʱҪճԷеĻܡ
˵һЩ֮ˣĶԵҳϡ˵ŷлˣ
ԷԵǻۡ˵һЩƽʵ֮ˣڹԵ¸ҡ˵
ǳˣȨԵã˵ػˣȴܷ
ʤûĴĴߣġÿ봵ıԣ
ȡ˾ĵˣȨߡǰ˶ߣǹˡ
ѲԶָ˹ľǷߡ
һ˵ڡ˵ġءϢ
Ŀĵĸ٣а˵ֻҪڡĿ
໥Ӧͻɹ
һ˵зԲңа֮ﲢԻˣ
Ƶı仯ΣգҪڹʱҪɴ˿֪û۾
ˣûбҪɫǿͬûжˣûҪ
ԲȥĵطȥˣҲûбҪǡ
Щвͨ£ͲҪ졣ԣ˵ԳԷ˵
˵ǽмɻġԿηǿ԰ʵġ
֮飬ֻҪԼ˵ϣֻҪϣܳɹ
һ˲ԼĶ̴ߵĳԼı
ƳʹԼԶھȡ˵һ棬Ҫ䳤
˵кһ棬Ҫ̴׳Ӳļ׿ǡ
жһжӡ޶֪Լĳο
ˣӦû˵ˡ
˵⽻һǲ̬֮ԣԹ֮ԣ
֮ԣǷŭ֮ԣϲ֮ԡһ˵̬֮
˥˵ûԹ֮ʹ࣬û֮ᣬ
ܳԣŭ֮ܿԼĻνϲ֮˵
ɢûص㡣⽻Ҫ߿ʹã߿
֮ʵС̸ҪԨΪԭ׾˵ҪǿΪ
ԭƱ̸ҪԼҪΪԭ߹̸ҪԹĴ
Ϊԭ븻̸ҪԸΪԭ̸ҪΪԭ
뱰̸ҪǫΪԭ¸ҵ̸ҪԹΪԭ
̸ҪȡΪԭЩ̸ԭȻȴ
ۡԣ̸ʱҪЩ뱿̸
ʱҪЩ̸ȻʵϺ˵̸иַ
᲻ϱ仯Щ̸ۣҲҡ
鲻ϱ仯Ҳʧԭ򡣹ʾ߶ҪҪҲ飬
αӱƶǷǣҪ仯Ī⡣
[]
ݺԡȨΪȨ⡣ݺʱƣ˵Ϊ
Ρݺ˵֮
ƪּ˵ԭ򡢷
ΪʿߡҲԹرҲĿߣ֮
ҲԿаɴ˿֪ԱҪĿ۲Ҫ
˵ֶΣʵ˵Ļ֮ܳɹ
ѡ˵֮ΪͨԴǿƳ硢
ƷԡԸҷҲҪƾԼĳƶԷ
Ϊۺ˶Լ㣬ҪƶԷ㡣ʵʩ
ļƻ磬λȨƴ顣֮ޡ
ǣӣνǧǱһʧǧǱһá
ʧýڱ֤֮С
ݺԿڲŴ¡һЩΪɣαթƭߡ
ǹԵګګߣ֮ģⲻ֪ȫͬʷ
йۡΪ¼ľߣҪоͷԣԨѧʶ
ʱƵҪƱӦͿӵı۱
ҵĲŻ޴˲ţԳɹŽȻ
۱ϡĿӡԴԷ
ս֮ʱսıǸͨ˵֮ȹ֮Σ
ϳ֮׺͵ʧ֮˵
ԡԮ18 ˣս500 ֮ʹκص

عκϳʹԹΪκԮؾǣ
˵ȱġеĪ۳
˵κ࣬ԹκϣԹڲκ
κһعԹҲͻڵκһ걻ռ
Ⱥܺ£Ϊеͬϳ
ȱҲ˵ֻģɱκϳͼװҪ
ߣ˵ҵҪˡһлԭΪΣ
ǣϳ˵κκܱܿشܣκֻ
Ͷءκͻʹˣͻͬءԡ
ĹͬʱɾҪΪҽˣһ
ӦԮκ
ϳ18 Ӻ500 սȱĶƺƵκ
ʮֺ£æκ󽲺ͣȥ
500 ƽͷȥ˵ˣӶ
ʹҲʢ
ַشƫƧȱ˲š˲
˲ļǴ󳼹ײߡ
˵ǰи1000 ƽһƥǧʼû
򵽡һҪ500 ƽ˵򵽡˾͸
500 ƽ𡣽ǸЩǮһͷ˵ǧĹ
ͷһʮǸ˽˵ҹ500 ƽǧ
ͷһΪôǮǧǧþͻ
Ȼϣþв˰ǧ
õƥǧ˵ʿʹҹ
ʼɡƽӹûʲôŸɣǧĹͷɡ
𾴣ô±вܵ˾ͻͶΪá
չĻˡ١𾴹󣬴ʿ
󡣹Ȼ깦Ͳžʹ˷Ͷ
ܵúźĴӲŸɣʵиĸ˲ʵ£ʱ䲻
ͱñǿ׳ҷٲʢ
СԿʱ⽻Ҳūձϥ档С
ʹҳʹعܲʹʹƽ
˶԰˵Ҫ500 ĵطȡ꣬ͬ⣬
ǳˣǰҳʹع
ңͶ˵500 ĵطȡ꣬
ҵģΪʲôعܺκ50 ĵ
Һж󣬶Ǿˡ
10 ССİ꣬ܣҷ
һش˵ˣǴ̳˰꣬
ԽʹǧغҲһο500 
أѵĻ󣬲Ȼŭ˵˵ӷŭ𣿡
ƾ侲˵³û˵˵һŭͻʬ
Ѫɺӡҷ˵˵°շŭ𣿡
˵·ŭֻǰñڵϹֻţͷذˡ
˵˵ֻ˷ŭĲ֮ʿŭר
ţŵûϮ£̺ð׺£Ҫɣŵ
ӥڴϡ˵ķŭǲ֮ʿķŭеŭû
зҾĸˡŭͻʬˣѪ岽
ΪТһˡ˵žͰνŭ
ŵѪɫǰǸ˵αˣ
ˡԹκˣ50 شڣΪ
˫ȫ˰
Ӵ˺ٲ밲֮ˡ
⽻УԵĻ䣬ԻΪġεĲУ
Աסġ
᳹ͨڵһλͣıԺͱţ
ŵıʿȰűΪ
ݺΪ󽫣ʱ𡣺һ·
أκԡִʱ᳹Ȱ溫ŲҪ
£Ժ׼ᣬͼҵûн
ƵۺºııȨڳ
ڳgı¼ǣšղ˺ţɱ
źû᳹ļıץ᳹
᳹ǵʱıʿǷĶѺ᳹ʹ
˵ԣҵȷϧʱҵļƲߣø
촦³ҪҵļƲߣɱأ
÷᳹᳹ԩ˵ı
ʲôԩ᳹ش˵سʵбµӢ
ԡͺһֻ¹Ӣ۶Ų׽˭ܵñ죬
ˣ˭ܴסʱµ˲֪ܵʵۣǸΪ
Ҳһֻ֪ţ֪¡𣿿ң
ʵ۵˺ֻܶ࣬ˡѵܰǶֻ
ΪҹȥԼˣͱɱµ˻أ
Ժϸһ룬ҲеǾ᳹
磬ʱ͢ةຫڳʹʱθʹģ
̫סλʹһ̫蹦̵£Ա
ȡôγʹýԼλʹٴʥּ
˵̫ϱӦԶͺõȵȡ
ڶѯʺ˵̫ȻּʹΪʲô
أڱ֪£˵룺һǸʹ
ٴʥּԱԼ¹ϵ֮ĹϵҸʵ
ڸǹȥ뵽Ͷ˵ÿǲʹ̫
ҪĻǣһҪתﵽ
شǳˣ˵̫ʥϱյĸ
λʹû뵽Լһ仰ǳ鷳ΪԼʧԶ
ǣ˶һ󺹡ʱǶ˵һ
ʯͷ˵أڵĴĲܡ
ڲģԵӦ䷨Ϊ̫ûʥּΪʹ߲
˵شû£ͻ鷳ֻģش𣬼
̫ʵ£ֻ˿¶ˡ
ǹͽ˵һϯʮǡɴ˿֪
ļֵ
ػŮ޸̫ӡһǡĺȥţ̫Ӽλ
ͳɥ࣬ռʮǡ
˵Ҹװ㣬ʹ
ݵĴҵȴȹԹȻֹ
ݵĴҵ¶Ц㡣Ϊȡռ𣿡
غܲ˵ΪЧ͡
ȥһٰݣȵͷأȻͷ˵
ôһأһְأ
˵˵֮Բͷһֿҩо綾Ŀ
ΪûȻСȴŮ
ʮֵأŻΪ̰ͼʮǣ
ȴǿع𣻾ͺȴû뵽عڱ󣬶
µľⲻǼ˳ͷһ𣿡
˵ǸǺأ
˵˵ʱڴˣתΪΪʤ
ҵģ̹黹ʮǡ벻ܻʮǣ
һʮָˡ֪ΪعĹϵ黹ĳǣҲһˡ
˳˶õ֪һضô
£˭ҲӣǴÿջعʮȡ¡
ưԵĴҵ
˵ð
Ͱʮǹ黹ˡ
Ԫǰ331 ꣬ǵȥ˵˵ֹľϲ
ĪڴԸ̷ҲĪڴֹľʹ޵
ĪԸ̷ҲĪ񣬶
˵̫ˣعҪַǹȴôҪã
±ֹľú̷Ҳĳӣܹ
ؿڷҿڷԲ׸
һɥʧ˺ԮȻ˥˥ͱضӴĺˡ
عʩֻڷԲأ
һõϲߡ
˼ˣϽڳ͢˵ҵõڷԲ
أ
Ⱥ֪Ϣ׷׺ϲͲء
ʣҲһ䣬һˣõأΪ
ϵһʤٹٶأΪʲô䵥أ
ҿ֮زܵõǻԲء
ش
ʲôأʡ
ش˵عӴΪһǿ
˰ûеõصأȴȶϾ⽻͹Ԯˣ
ôһԮĹأſȽظأ
ȥعزҪǳȶϾİҪ
عأܵǵƭòأǵƭ
ضʹǳعĻϾİ
ıضٳġ
ҵ³ﻮˣס죬Ҫ
˵ҵģ
ǳ˵ȥϽȥ˻ûɳڶ
š
ǻصعϽʹڵȥ˵ҾͰе޽˾
ˡ
һȥعʱǾȻװϳ
õ棬ί˵ΪҸ𣿡
Ͻһʿȥ
֤ʵȷʵ󣬲ųӼʹָ
ͼ˵ֹ͹أﵽܹԲ
˵û˵ʹܾȵ˵
ǲǸ΢С٣Ĳأ
ʹ޷޵ػع棬Ϊŭ׼ع
߹ʾҿ˵𣿡
ԣû˵
عǰ취侲˵û͸
һУ룬԰ʧعģٴ
ûʧ𣿴ѸҪȥع
ʧţǾ͵ڴٽİҪˣʱضʧ
ء
ûвɳĻɱعǣ
ߣҲͬˣڶ걻òҰܡ
֮£ǹƳ㣬ʵʩعļƻ
ʹܡ
˵ݺҵҪ˵ĻýԴǡӡ˵
˵˵ˣ˵˾Ǹ԰Ǵεԣǲ
ʵģȻʵԣлҲкôӦ֮ǣ⽻
⽻ǲʵڵԴǣܳΪԴǶ̹׵ģ̹׵
Ƕǿ֤ģݵĻӦ֮ǣӦ֮Ƕ
Է˵ܡ˵ļɿ˵ݡڹŴ˵
ˣڻľͿԱң˵лˣڻᴵͿԱǣ
˵ƽӹģܹͿԱ£˵ǻˣȨͿ
ţ˵侲ˣͿԱʤ
ӡǸǻ˵ҪԨ׾˵Ҫ
磻Ʊ˵ҪҪ߹˵Ҫʣе
˵Ҫţƶ˵Ҫǫ¸ҵ˵Ҫ¸ң
˵ҪЩ̸ҪǶϣԼ
ҪҪ˵ķ
ƽԭصԹ֮󣬳ʾҪȥԮԹκ
Ҳα˽ɵľǰԹԮδʱعӽΧ
ʮΣ׼Ͷƽԭǳġ
ᣨվԵᣬΪվ̸֮ƽԭ˵
Թ𣿡
ƽԭ˵ԹʤˣΪʲôأ
̸˵İգѾùͷӶʳĵز
˵ൽ㡣Ǻ󹬵Ůˣ檸ŮŻ˿
ԵǺòˣòǾӰձþеֻܿ
ľͷΪ蹴ꪣбͣҪʲôʲô
ʹعԹӵЩأʹԹȫֺ
뵣ûЩأβзµĸŮʿͬУֵͬ
ΪʹӦʿΣʱ򣬽
ʩݣҲױ˸м
ƽԭļƲߣʹóǧʿֿͦر
ƽԭ̸һؾ̸Уؾ˺ʮɳκԮ
ؾͷԵж
ע˵ıԣ˵ĻǧΣ֮
䡣
ͨõ˾Уӹ˾һӹ˾ͨõ
˾1994 괺22 Ԫһҽڹ˾һٴҵ
缵۲ѡ
һҵ˾Կٷչһ˾ܡ֮
Ȩ
80 90 ͨõ˾ÿ궼20 Ԫ
沢˾òҵȥ꣬ͨõ˾չ֥Ӹһ
10 Ԫʲ͹ɷݣй˾11 Ԫʲ⻹
11 Ԫչչ˾ŷޣͨõ˾ҲѸ
šУ沢Ӣ۾Ӳٹ˾ÿҵ񡢲
˾סҵԼά˹˾Ĵҵ
1988 굽ȥף˾һֱ1719֮䣬Ӫ
1989 11 Ԫӵȥ26 ԪʲܶҲͬʱһ
1180 Ԫ
ͨõ˾ȥչ沢˴ҵҵ
򲻶ؿʲɱһ80 
ҵĹҵ˾ӹ˾˵ȡ˵ҵȷʵĿ
ǲҪʣͨõ˾ΪʲôܵõѸٵķչأ
ͻ֣ᷢͨõ˾ķչӦһ׻ºó
ͨõ˾ǿͨõ˾áŵ¡
Դïʢ
ڸصι˾ܲõİС˾ҵȡ˳Ľչ
ؼͬҲз⣬չ沢̸еǿ
ӲͶԾӪɱľϸпڽԱ֮Щһ
ͨõ˾ΪУ̸ʵҵͷĿ֣е
ּ֣ۻʱȻռơһ棬Ϊҵ˾һӹ
˾ĿȾͳɱľӪѧҲͨõ˾
˾ĸ˾ľȽ豸ڽ;Ӫɱͻ
߱ͬ޿ɱơ
⣬ĸ˾һǿܣͨò˾ڲƱ
ĸΪԡ˵ĸ˾ƴ֣׿Խʹ˾
ǳͨõ˾ӵߵõȼA ⲻʹͨ
˾ڽгϳʱͨ裬ϢҲܵͣȥͨõ
˾ڽʴһ357Ϊ339˾ȥĶ
460 Ԫ½018 ٷֵʾ͸˾ʡ
ʮԪ
зζǣͨõ˾ľӪҵԽãĸ˾A
ü𷴶Խȥ˾ռͨõ˾
ĳɣζͨõ˾ڹҵϵ½ȻҪӰ쵽
Ϊҵͷͨõ˾ü
ô˵ͨõ˾ȷͨõ˾һǿɽ
Կٷչڽҵռһϯ֮أǡȨ˶
ԷжΪ棬硰ˡ˵ЧӦ
ǳγɵһҪ
˶ЧӦ֪ġƴĴʫ
˵ΰ֮һˣ£һҺ뾡˵Ӱ
죬ԹȻ
£Ǿˣ˵޼ᡢչݳҪ˹
ټʡ½԰ɽˮʤӰݡҵš鱨
ʲô׷ʽʲôֻȵȣҪ˻ӺǣҪ
??ļǩ߻ߵݶ졣˲
⣬һЩ˱̾Ϣѣź˾޴ʧ֮ͬΪã
νգ
ϣ˸һЩΪıʼǡ
ǡܵһЩӵİΧΪǩ¶е
黭ȡ黭ǳе¡Ϻλ֪ңжʱÿ
¶ҪյŰ⣬ӣȻнĻת
̣黭֮ʤֽ˵Ŀı˽ȻΪ
ݡ
Ӧ鵤Ҳսࡣ°ҵ°
ȼׯ԰ݴ壬Ҫ˵ʡ¡Ч治ѵֺ
ҲҪ˵߲ΡΪӴ˸ĻͥкˣдǷʵ
ӰС˵Ʒ۵ģƷҲ
֣·ġƵƵӫ࣬ΪƷ
͸ˡ˵ҪŵĵλƷһЩЧ
ҲԤеġ˱ϾǡӦ鵤򡰾ȼҩƷ
ϣЧӦһ˳ʵԵľ㣬Чҵ취
¹չ·ӣûʲôӪУ⿿һʱһصƼ
꣬ձҪԸͷѾ֤˵
͵й֮ʣµֻȻһƬɱ
ȻսУЧӦǲȱġеΪµһ
ˡйءµһˡʲôˣȷһ˵Ŀ
µһˡϺʹΣƽһסഫ
սʱڴĲˣͷĳʲϣʲΪը
ڵһʱӴ˲ʾйͬ
Ŀ㺡
˵Ǭ¡ʵ½ʱպƷһˣɫͷ
ΪϺʡ켦˿ඹʡԼͣը
Σڡ̡̡磬˴ѡҲȵ
ɫѣνƣϺ糺죬˿ѩף϶ʵĴ̣ɫͷף
ɫ㡢ࡢۡʡ̡ᡢڣ˴Ϊµһˡ
Ժ˼ȳΪպˡ
սǰԪϳ¹νʡϯʱպһ
˾¹ʳңһʱµ
һˡúܸߵۡµһˡϱˡ
Ĺؼǣ͵Ҫ׼ҪըϯҲҪ
ȣʳǰ£֮ɫζѣȻܺȲʡ
ıƪ
ıƪʮ
[ԭ]
Ϊ˷ıеصڡ飬Ǣۡ
ԻϡԻСԻ¡ɣܡ治֪ӵʼڹ֮
Ӣݡ֣֮ȡҲ˾֮ޣΪ䲻Ҳȴ塢ܡ
ߣ֮˾ҲͬߣҲͬߣ
ƫҲͬߣ㺦ҲͬߣƫҲߡ
ף裬ҲԲ֣֮ͬһҲǽ
϶ľڣ˹Ҳᡣʱ£ııƣ飬
˵˵ˣƣ¡һٶһ
Ҳ
ʹѣʿѣɾԻʹ
ΣߴԳϣʾԵʹ(11)
ҲױҲФ׾Ҳ̰Ҳ¶֮(12)Ϊ
ǿ߻ҲΪֱ߻߻ڲҲҲ
׶˵ڣ׶˵⡣Ա֮(13)
Ȼ֮(14)˵Ҫ֮(15)Գ֮Ȩ֮仼
Գ֮Ħ(16)֮߶֮΢֤֮(17)(18)Ӧ֮ӵ
֮(19)Ҷ֮νıı֮ã˽˽(20)
϶Ҳ(21)ֹҲ˵ߣ֮棻˵
˳ߣ֮˽
ڡ裻⣬Σ(22)֮
ǿ֮ˣ֪֮֮ˡ֮кҲѧ˳֮֮
Ҳ֮ܶ(23)ȡ֮(24)Ҳȥ֮֮֮֮߳
òֲ߲񣬹(25)ɡ֪߿Ҳ(26)֪ı
ҲԻ¹ˣˡȨҲ
Ҳʥ֮֮ףѡԴ˹
֮Ϊ棬ΣΪ(27)ȻΪӡ
֪ܼ֮֮üɣ¶Ϊ֮ΪҲ
ɣ¶Ϊ֮ΪҲ֮֮(28)Ի
֮ڸʥ֮䡣ǶҡšʡҲ
ӡڴ(29)ߣܵôˣԶ֮塣
[ע]
ııֶΡ
ڵ飺ڵԷ״̬Ҫ˵
ԡ
ǣָǡвġ޶ԡ
ܲɣ棺οͿʩչ׿ԽĲ
ԡ
ʼڹ֮ӣڿʼ飬Թ͵
е¡
˾ָ֮ϳװдʯĳָϷԴΪ
򣬱жȷ
ͬߣƫҲͬʱܾޣ֮
ֻìܣֻܺһλ
Բ֣ࣺ֮ͬжͬԭ
ǽ϶ľڣ˹Ҳǽֿдʡָ
סլΧǽǡǽһСѺ۾бٵĿܡ
ܴʼܵġһҲǴͬͬĿ϶ѡ
һһ
(11)ţָˡʿ߶ԡ
(12)¶֮ıԼҲ߻ӦļıʱҪԴ˽Ĳ
ᡣжϡöᡣ
(13)Ա֮ݶԷıԼ˵ݡ
(14)Ȼ֮ݶԷıжϾ˵Ƿ÷
(15)˵Ҫ֮ݶԷԴ˵Ҫ㡣
(16)֣вĸܡ
(17)΢֤֮ڼʹڿŻȨҲ֪ıˣҪ
֤֤΢ġ
(18)ȡ˵֤ݣΪ֤ķи
(19)ӵ֮ӵͨգ¡ǷգҲǷսȥ
(20)˽᣺ĵĽҪ˽µĽúá
(21)棺ȻǺģȴ˶Էʱʹ

(22)??ΣȻԼˣȴ˽й¶⣬
˾ͻᱻԶȻˣȴͨ飬˾ͻ
Σա
(23)ʣԡ
(24)ȡ֮˳ӶԷּɻʱĽУԷͲ
˺顣˽½ıȴӹлá
(25)ò߲??У۶κﶼϲɫˣ
侲ƫˣ˿ȫ
(26)֪߿Ҳ֪ԷģͿʹá
(27)Ϊ棬ΣΪͼתΣΪĶǺ
£Ψ߲㡣
(28)֮˵
(29)ڴˣҪֵ
[]
ѭһķȥﻮƲߣԭί 163 ̽ʵ
顣ҪõԷʵ飬ȷǡνǡǡвš
ޡ߻飬ܶııӵ
ȻҲѭŴγɵġ˵֣ɽʱ
ҪָϳȥΪǲʧڿŸҲ
ͬʱҪʹָϳһ
ǹ۵ͬܵһͬı£ҶԳɹ־
ͬԶˣֻ֮ܲ˵Ƕϰָͬ
ܵˣ֮һǹͬܺǶϰָͬԶˣ
һڰºһ𺦡
˵Ҫ඼ͱйϵ໥ܵ𺦣
ҪԶϵ˷¾Ϳжͬһɵġ
ǽڶ϶ľ̲ܰŻٻһ
Ĺɰ
ԣﲻϱ仯ܲ⣻ΪҪıֻ
ͨıŻƲߡоƲ߲ܲӦķ˷˵
ߣʹǰͨһ֮γƶȣԴƶȽ
ʵе⡣˿ı仯һҲ
ͬһ򰡣
һ˵ʵµ˲زƻǣȴ
ṩƻ¸ҵ˲ΣȥŻǣȴǽΣѡ
ǻ۵ıͨԼװȥƭǣȴǽ
ǽҵ˲Űɴ˹֮ɱεģ
Ф֮ͽױסģ̰˾ױգЩҪݾ
жϡȻǿСϻ۶ǿģǿֱ
ʽ΢С߶ɵģڻ۲ʹ߳Ϊԣߡ
µĹɰ
ԣƶԶҪȥ˵Щ
ƶԶҪӱȥ˵ԸݶԷɻ
⣬ıԼ˵ݣݶԷıж˵ǷЧ
ݶԷĴȷԼ˵Ҫ㣬Ƶı仯Է
ԷȨ⣬ȷףݶԷǶ֮⣬ԷĦ
֮֮ʩԿţ̧߶Է֮󣬲߻жԷ֮󣬼Է
֤ԷٺپǷӦӵ¶Է󣬼֮
ԻԷЩͽı˵üı߲籣ܣܲ
ᵳڲûìܡ⣬ĲԲıʩ
ʤġ˵˵ʱ򣬱̸ߣͬ˳˵ʱ
̸˽
ȻԼˣȴѼҳ˵˵ĻͻᱻԶ
ͬˣȴ֪飬ҲΣաҪ˼ҲϲĶ
ǿˣҪ˼Ҳ£ǿˡԷĳȺã
ӭȤԷʲôҪԱܻ䣬𷴸С˵
еıõȴǹĻȡҪˣ
Ȼץסʲô£Ȳϲ
ɫҲŭĿӣǸˣԻܴС˽
ˣһ˽ˣһıԵˣǲ
ġ˵ҪǿˣǱ˿ƣƱ˵ˣ
Ȩ˿ƵǱͳߡһ˵ʥ˴֮Ϊ
ıԭΪ¶˴֮ΪıԭΪ
ߣף³˳ѡɴ˿һ
Ը˵ģһҶҲڰȻáΪߵ
ǻˡΪ֮Ҫ֪ܼ֮ʩ
ı֮˿еļ󣬾Ҫ£Լȥ
ֲҪѡһЩӦ£ñȥ
ԣʥеĴڡ¶˵컯
ڸߡʥ֮¶Ҫҳϡءʴȡ
ҪάƫеֵֻУ˵
ˡ˫̸úǢͿԷչԶĺĿǰĹϵ
[]
ƪƪӵġı롰ȨΪһ塣ȨǡȨ⡱
ıǡƻȨƪ͡ıƪһµġ
˵
ƪˡıԡķ档磬ıԵĲıãı
ԵЧõ??
ȣﶼһɣ˺ΪһͬĿ꣬
ͬıصģҪıҵͬһĿ£ҹͬ
ΡˣıȺںں
Σı£ııԲʵУɫɫ
¼ҪìܣͲıԡԣ¶ıԡ
Сı֮ã˽˼üıʱĲ簵н
Сһ۵㣬ָüıʽıȻԡʵϣüı
¶ֻޱı¶
¶زı¼ζıĵζı
ḻǻۣʥ˵Ļ
ıˣȻ֮߳ǣֳԷֵ⣬
Ӣߡڰȫ֣Ԥδƶʷǰϣ
ڿɱȡʷ϶ʥӢšĩ¤Ķȴ֪
µĶƣΪԭ춨˻֪ıԼҡ
ëϲ뽯ʯʯԺΧˣ
ë֮ڣǧʵսתƣ±ݵأ
շȺڴձ۹ԾƷл񹲺
ʷ׳٣ȷΰıԡ
Ρ¡õڣ۴СδȷıԶ
ȡʤ
ӺʵԽй֯ЩִĶ
ĿСû󳼵жӺԹ
Ȩ˾ʷϿɳı
Ӻλ֮һȶԽᵳӪ˽໥в
ȨİȫΪľ棬󳼿Լ֮У
Ӻɳ߶ĿǵһһЩ߶Ŀڵʱ
̴ʿЩû޿ײ룬Ѵǵ
жӺ
һΣ¿״ԪƽԪ糯ѼͣҶϷ
˺һ˷ֶһƬҶӣǴգϾƲʹ
ڶ볯Ӻƽ糯ʲôȥˡʵ棬Ӻ
Цŵͷ˵۰ң״Ԫ˵꣬ȡһҶ
ƽһ춪ʧһƬԭƬҶǱﵱ͵ߣڱ
ʱӺġ
ʿΪʹһʡ˾ĹԱ߸˵׼ǰȥ
Ρǰ͢һšһ
ŵĴǸƼһλܸɵˣҪؽܡƼľ
λˡ͢ԪسӴʿþܾλ
·ˡУλƼ˺ܸɣΣһֱ
Ӱ롣ʿְҪְλͻȻְ
Ҫʿ֣ʲôԵʡ˻ش˵ְ⼸û
ĹٵûҪ붼ʥϣΪԼ䡱
ʿŻȻλԼϦദġˡԭǻʵⰲ
Լߵ
ӺͨЩ޿ײش̽ǵ飬еĴ󳼶
ԼĿ֮¡ֶЧֹľ棬ȶ˳͢
֣ȻҲǿ˻Ȩļг̶ȣ¶˷⽨רƵĺ
ԺͶԡ
ʱθüƫϣ˽ս׼
˸سƳǩԼ
죬θټȺ˵ѾӦǲϮ
ӣɶԼ̫ȵ۵Ĺľͻءʱ
ƺܺãξʤڴڴոԭϲѶҪͣս
ͣȺ鼤ߡſȺ飬ͣҡɵȽҲܾ
ݱ˵˲ţͺò̡еĴ˵Ⱥ
ڣġ͡롮սӦǰ֮ȡⶮ
µĴ󳼵ıñ֮ơ
θڼΥּ⣬ǳּǡ
ҲսθѶתΪ˱泯͢սʵ
ȡͨİ취Զθ˵֪в֮
Ϊ˶˾ТȲѲŴӦͣȻ˵Щ
Ļǲ𾴻ϣǰϡϣϲҪ֡Ͽ
һʥͣͲҵı⣬ֻǳ˵Եʲò
ȵȵ۵Ĺľͻ̫ԽԺ˺ٺԼô
ǩԼҲνˣغԼϣģҲͲؿ
ˡ
θڲԶͶųս󳼣̧
ȵ۹ľͻ̫ӡҡТַڴֻü
ˡⳡìʱ
ΪԶԼľͻΪ˱ɰѳֳ
ֻʱȡίȫĲԣ飬ʹҲ󳼣Ҳ
ʹ᲻ֵֻϣɼࡣ
ıϣҵΪӮҵ϶Ҫıһ
ձİҹ˾ľһ
ձǽѸһҵǣа
ڸҵжռͷȫȻ1977 6 ´ʱȴ
ҵϷһĻ
аĵܾǧԭȲҵӪҵ
ҵһרҵ˾ʱǧҵ
ѰҰһµĳ·ǧҵңһͥ
뵽Լң϶ͨ绰乫˾ĵ绰ǣ
ڵ绰עᣬѹ˾绰ڵ绰ϡǧ˷֣ձ绰
ǰҵģͬһҵУҵ˳ĸΪġ
ҵĵһ﷢ĸΪǰߣͬǡִ
ͷҵУٰڶĸС˳С룬ҪǰԼҵ
ȡΪС϶λ˿͵ע⣬Ϊûڲ
ҹ˾ĵ绰ʱȻᷢλġаġ
˾ѡǧֵַ绰һĿĿհ׺
0123һ򵥶׼סĺ롣ʱ
Ϊ˾רõ绰롣
ǣаġ绰롰0123ڵ绰벾
ý飬ܿʹձǧ򻧡
׻˵Բ˳ҵƾһ죬Ҫ
ΪˣҵɷѿĵѡҵƷƣ֪
ȣӰ졣аΪԼҵ¡ı
Ľ
ıҵӪУôࡣرǵսƵƵı
ڡ
1970 ϳʾ֣Ͷ촬ʱԡһֽϳ˵̣
˽оĺȲʡ
֣Ͷʴεɽ촬Ҫ100 ּĳ֡촬
ҵ˵֣ˮ˵һȫȫ⺺ȴʮΪ
췢糧һɲᵽᣬӲϤϤûʲô˲
ģãͳ㹻Ĵֻȿͻˡ
ûô׵õʱûһϳʵҵ
󴬵ô죿֣Ϊ˿˼ڤ룬ڣһУ
һѷƵľɳƱУһ500 Ԫֽңֽӡ15 ͳ
Ӣ˴ĵ״״ʹִ֡ʵϣ
״ֻǹŴ˹һ˱˴ִձˣ
᳼㼪ԡ֣žɳĴ˵Ƴ400
ǰѾ߱촬ôһ˵̹ȻΪ棬ܿ
ŸΪ26 ֵּĶ
ְֺ֣ҹͣؿɡ
ֿˣεɽҲˡ
⽻λУ¶ػӦǱزٵġڱ
һܣά⽻ǣŲɹá
䣬ʹ볯ɹʹÿһأҪ
ȡһŵصĵͼ֮ҲӦ󣬸һŻƺõĵ
ͼ
һʹݣͬһݹȡݵͼʱ֮
̫أŸҪͼĹģɡҪǵĵͼ
ʲôأ뵱곯͢¬ѷʹƣ¬ѷƺ˵
͢׼µͼᣬͼȫȫΨûнݵģ˼Ҫ
һд͡ʮݵĵΡ졢˿
ֲȾ֪š¬ѷЩͼر͢ԴΪݣ
Ƶıơ뵽֮ҳͼ
øʹߴߡټ˸ʹߣƭ˵뿴
һṩĵͼԱոƣȻٻ㡢ᵢĻع
ʹΪ棬ͰЩͼȫó֮ùԺһ
ͷˡȻԸʹ˵ҪҳͼԸͼ
ʹԶԣֻա
֮ʹõʾıһڸǱ⣬ʹԷ
ԼͼӶﵽĿĵļı
ھûУıĿҪȷʱԽ֪Ԓáı
ڴ֮꣬׼ۣʹ򰲶
䣬˴֣ʮ꣬ظѣׯ
ڴ󶼺ֻ֣ȳǵعûкһ
ׯڳԵʣ޼׼۱ǣС˱ȱȽǡ
ݵĹٸڴ棬ֹ̧׼ۣŽֹ
׼ۻڲǣսп಻
ʱΨԒڴ棬˵߾ɼӼ۳ֻۣ
Ҫ˹۸ޡǷ׷װóۣԭһЩ׵
ʱǵˣʱҲٴˡ׵һ
׼۷յʳõ˽Ҳ

󷲶˾ͼ˾͹һ͹۹ɣԒѭ͹۹
£ӭжˡ
ı֮֮˶Ĺɡ̽طʱҲ
ڡ֮ĹϢУоԷܡ鱨ԾԲߡ
ʹĵͼƬͼ϶ʾܡ
磺ڶսڼ䣬Ӣ׼ŷ޵½˾
˽ŷ޴½غһεϸ˾ȴûⷽϡ
һżȻĻᣬ˾֪һսǰⶨеĵ½
ȹ٣Ӱ3 Ƭغĵ
һżȻʹйԱ뵽ƬƬ˽غĵ

1942 5 £Ӣ㲥̨£еģֻҪ
شƬƬ̴ɽڷ
ģӢĳ⣬ȫĸ
˵ƬֻпɰŮˣʲôҲᷢ֡ר
ȴܷ벻ĶΪ˲¶ƬĿģ
ֻ̨ôͳ˵һ˵
Ȼ鱨ԱǶеƬȤȻֲܸȷ
˵ЩҪ鱨֮ں̵ܶʱ˾յ
ƬƬ
һλŮȫҵӰһƬϣһСкںˮﻮ
߽ţմޣΪβߡĽվĽˮ
ǵĸվԼ15 Զĵطˮزͨ
Ƭȷ˺ԡбȡ
źԡһ·Ҫ˽ǣ·ܷʻ̹ˡ
ӼһƬϣ·ͣһͿͳվ
ˡζţ·ܹܴͿͳôҲܹ̹ˡ
׼ﵺ½ʱΪ˱֤ͷɻ˳½Լɡ
ɡѰһƽ̹ĵطƬƬûṩⷽ
ȴһλѧҼһŵͼϣҵĵص㡣
ʱϤ¾˾ﵺһùǣִ
Ƭҵùݼ佻ͨҪӶΪӢվ궨˿ϮͶ׼
ȷλ
ʮȥˣȻк켼Ƭһ
ȤȻҲͻᾭڻšͷȳ
ԼĹ
෴оֻƾɵĲϣʹɲǾܵģҲʱ
仯ʧ
1942 8 £һ½սʦ׼ڹϴɵ̫ƽ
ȺеһС½ռõվ
սǰϦıԱ֣йСĵͼԼΡ
ٵÿһ½սʦıԱѵʱյս
񴦣鱨ֵǰתŷ羰ƬЩƬһλ
սǰõʱġǣıԱƬµĵ
ϰĴ鱨õļռ鱨Ū˹ϴ
ĵκ͵վ
жʼ󣬵һ½սʦ˳صϹϵƬṩĵ
ϵȴ֣Ϯվһ׻սȡ
վ5 ˣԼ1600 ˵ĻԻս
Ȼ1943 11 £ڽվռߵ̫ƽϵһ
ɺСʱʹһһٶǰƵľˮͼȴ˴
һߵΧˮѾ˺ܴı仯ĵ½ͧ
վˮͼʻ޷½սʿˮ½¶վ
ĻǰΪվڻİӡһŹʱľˮͼʹ3000
ʿĸ߰ۡ
⽻Ҫ䡣ҹĸ￪ţҪʣǱ֮
ܲԲң鲻ǻ֮ҪԷǷǣԽ
Ҫ
ҹĿǰϣͶʣȰҪȡǱ
ͬͬģȻҪѰڼòҵЧˡ
ǻȹеģ⽻Ҫ԰֮飬
֮˵ȰȡͶʡʵϣҹ⽻Ҳ
˵ȡ˻Ⱥ͸۰ġ̨ͶʡΪĸ￪ź󣬹Ŵ󿪣۰̨
ȰѰͶҵЧɣΪ羭÷չҪء
ͳʾԸĸ￪ʡк⻪Ⱥ͸۰ͬ繫
ҵʮԪҡ
ԵΪغ緢չṩ˱㶫۰ڣ̨
ϡͨǵŻر۰ľһ廯
չʹ㶫羭óʷǰķԾչɸ۰ĹҵͶʾ
ĸʽҵ鲼磬ϰ̨ףȽ豸
ֲ齭ޣʹйһΪ۰ĵҪԴغͶ
ʳͳƣڹ㶫õĶʮԪУ۰ʽԼռ
ɡоа˳ǻȺ͸۰ͬͶʡ
ʡҲ˰һǧҵٷ֮ʮΪͶ
ʡǧ̨ҵڸ÷չа˲ɺӵĽɫ
⣬ɽ̨Եƣ뺫Խϵڽ
չó
ҵļɻ䡣ŤΪӯҪӢߵġӱʡ
Ź˾ԳšƣһǳɹġҵҲ˶Ť
Ϊӯˡ
ŸƷ޹˾гΪ֯Ӫ90 
ֻʱ䣬ʹһʲծƲСʵֲֵ˰
4 ָ귭1994 1 8 £ֵ˰ֱַǰһͬ28
36Ϊȫͬҵҵ
Ź˾ǹһƷĳ֮һڣ
Ʒѹһͣ£ܾ־ƶˡǮ֪ʶ
гľӪԣıˮһս
̳ԸǵĲƷǾ͸ۻԱã
õŮۻԱĿ϶ִ󵨵ذÿɱ11 ԪĲƷÿ07
Ԫ̳˿úǮΪˣ˾˽
70 ĴۡΪһؿгֲȡˡ䷨ľӪ
ԣǡˡꡢơҵгУ
ǰĿ׼뱱󣬲ƷѸٴ̵ꡣ
ĲƷãȫر׼ΪȫƼƷ
йŮȡáڡʱץסʱŮŹ޳Լ
ĲƷܵŮŹǵĻӭίȷΪ
ŮָƷƷ֪ȴߡ1990 6 ׽ȫƷ
ϣ5 ۳һƤƷ漣8 ί
ĽƽԺѸռ˶г̶ʦ£ڻ
ϵȵؽ˾Ӷģ5 ҵΪʡкȫ
ҵҵ
ȫ漤ҵгŹ˾Ͽ²Ʒչ
гȺƳҩˬ͡
©͡ҹ͡²Ʒ߻ӭ
ŵĳɹھлˣƣ̳У
˶ɹ
ҵӪıԭˡòơѡءӪҪüı
Ϸ̵ĵ㴺ʼˣɭ¡ǳɹߡ
ɭ¡ɽյͽˡ峯ĩֳ꣬ɭԣ
г¥ڰ̯רϷȡ꣬ϷζΪ
صĵ㴺ʳƷҵϱصʳƷõҵģɭ
¡ġ塱Ϊ֣һֺţıйأ˵
Լġɭ¡裬ķᡣ
㴺ķչСиأҪΪ
ࣺͬɭ¡ʦֵܺܶ࣬׼ףѼѣϷ
ʦϷۻԱͱȱ˷ˡ󣬷ֱͬϵ
ϷʳƷΪ٣֧֣ܵͬһЩͬ绹

ֵࣺܶɭ¡Ĵѧǡڼҿĸ⿿ѡ
ǮƵˣֻҪҵ跨ʽкܶİֵܣͬ
룬ļгͷﵳܼޡիȡɭ¡
ʿΪĪ֮㴺İܴ
ϵࣺɭ¡˵ڽʣͶг
ͷϵֵܣͱΪʱгϻ᳤г
ϻ᳤̻ϵ᳤̻ѧ˺Ҫã˱
ѡΪ̻£·ֶϴĴ
۹⣺ɭ¡쵾㴺ȿ˵ơٽʹ
Ľֵ˵Ķг̼ƼҲ
ֵĳ˴ϢǮе˶࣬ȷʵǿ鱦أʱ
꣬͹塢ԻµĸܵȣڶǱһֻҪ
ã»Ǯࡣ
вԴɭ¡Ϸʱûдʱֻǰ̯Сң
һЩʽ𣬲õһЩͬͰֵܵԮɭ¡ʶҽ
ԪɭԪɭǮɭ¡Ϊͺ񡣲ܶ
ʶԪɭΪȫԺʳݣΪóڵ
㴺ÿֻȡϢ᱾⣬̫̫Ҳڵ㴺Ԫ

мɭ¡ɭԣʳƷĸ߳Ϸ
ʳƷʦҲǸ֡ɭ¡Уƶ̺
漫˷֮
˵ı죺ɭ¡صΨܡǺֻ࣬
ǰտ񣬲áİɭԣһ̯
ȾơǮ˵󻰣ɭ¡Ҳ뵾㴺ҵ
оӪص㣺㴺ԾӪϷʳƷΪصġʳƷʦԽ
ϣǸܡʲôԭ϶ѡõģϵǳ棬
ǹ˿ŵù̵ꡣ
ɭ¡ľӪصǺõأòƣɹǺˡ
õãΪءӹ˿ҪȷƷӾӪҪ
ѡԱʹɡֳҲίΡıĳɹ
ƪ
ƪʮһ
[ԭ]
Ϊ˷ߣøл٣Ҳ
ڡƫɣȥҲ֮Сߣڶ
ӣԶۡʹʧʹܺߣ֮ʧ
ʥܳ¢壺֮ߣ֮ߣ
֮ߣԱ֮ߣƽ֮ߡһԣڶԣƽ
ߢ࣬΢ʩ֮Ƕ£֮¢ᣬ΢֮ƽأ
֮֮ҲΣ(11)ߣ֮÷׳ߣ
֮ڿ࣬ȻѶΪ֮ߣ֮ȥߣ
֮Ӹߣ֮ʷ鶨֮(12)(13)ɰܣ
Ϊߡ(14)ߣԾҲ
[ע]
øлκ˵õ͸ˣѡ
ǸǻӦؿ֮پ취
ںҲ޻󣺼ؾʹȽͷ
ԥ£ҲԻ
??ԶΪʵŶ£
ܽܣӦԶ
룺ͨ˼
ʥܳ£ʥ˶ɹ顣
֮ˡ
ƽƽؼƽʱҪ
ߣָһԡԡƽء
֮£ýжϡ
Σ˶ԡաԡ
(11)Σߵ˼
(12)֮µŦҪ
(13)Σָҡ
(14)꣺ռ˼񣬹ǹףռߡ
[]
Ǿ飬ѵˡһ˵ϣϺ£
ϣֻʹֻͷˣҲڱնԻ
ʱֻһôһͲܡ
ĻǾˣʱ¶ʵڰ
ǲܽһҪԶԣʱ²ʹ֮
Ǿߵʧ󰡡
ʥܳɾʹҵأԹĵ½̻գı
λˣȡ԰ıӻڣྻᡣ
ʵʩĹӦسһıԿưգҪѭìܷ
Ķ棻Ҫرעƽؼʱ̡С
ĸ棬ôƶ飬Ԥδ飬ٲƽյ
ͿԾˡǣиеǿ
ϣô÷͸׻óɹܳµĿϡ
ЩȻڿ࣬Ȼܲߣôϣ
ųǻͿϣܴˣͿϡ˵
¼ѣµĹؼóԤɰǺѰ°
ʥݡײģ˴Ϊأ
[]
ƪǾƪʵžصá
ˡ鶨ɣ֮Ȼľ߶벻
ڵ׼۸ӵϵɴ˿֪о
ıԼϵǾߵǰᣬͬʱҪֹʶԻƫ

ڱƪָʥȷķ֣
³ߣá¡ϣ
αߣáϣ
־ֱߣáųϡϣ
С΢ߣá䡱ϣ
ѭعߣáƽءϡ
ʥַ鶨ɡ̵
ʾǡ
ھʱпѭĹɡ£֮£֮ƽء
˼ǽ£о״Ԥδȱһɡ߱أ
ȷϡ
ϲܵϲϣ뵱ϡʱɰܵҪء
ڱƪᵽһ£֮˼ܹߵ
ҪѸپϣ
۵㶼ǵ߿ѧеĹ屦
ʷչУԡһ˰һɥָߵȷ
ʧܡ
ҹʵԪڳɹΪǽ
һ߶Ĺ뷢չشá
һǧ֮ëоҹʱһߣ
ָ70 ҹΪڶսģưԣ

ĸ￪ʦСƽͬ־ʹԵˡһơĻ
ߣҹͳһͶʷԵá
ɴ˿֪ȷľ߽ƶһʷʱķչȶ֣
ǿ츣ʧľ߾ͻɥȨʹԼѡ
κξ߶Ӧ˼ġ
йʷϳֹ»ʵۼλֵΣӰȨȹ̡
ʱ߶ΣУǾĶǡسɡ
1521 ̫ٿѧʿ͢͵й
ˡ̫͢ȥҵˣ̫͢һЩӣ
˵̼ݣһı䣬ȷ¡̫һд󾪣
æ͢ʹѯʶԲߡ͢ͻش̫˵һ⣬ֻ
Ȼصʹڣ£˵ضĿ̫ӣصУ
ƽϡ
Ѷּ̫̻̫ܲ͢󷵻عУ
ųﻮ㸰ڸʱ̫ȴá̽Ϣ͢Ͷ
˵ϴ󽥣ţӦʴȡŶ˱ʾͬ⡣ڸ
͢ͼгѵʾڹٵյܼѵگȻ
ӣϵТڴӣʵ۴ӵܣ˳򣬵Ȼ
̫͢ڹ˳źּãйگּ̫ܲ
õλʱڹٲ֪Ѳگ£
ͳй飬ʹ˲ͬ⣬Ҳ棬ֻú̶ȥƾ͢ͷ
¡
󣬳ȣڸӵľ£ѧʿ͢ͽػ̫
Ȩá֮ߣܲǰ̶̫ûѡ
һ빫ٹں׼£ֻͬӶʹ˳ɹһ
ǱڵΣ
Ԫ1636 ꣬꣬ɽġ𡱸ĹΪ壬
̫Ϊʵۣ̫ڡ̫16 ྭӪȥŵĺ
һ1664 Ӹڻĸ£뱱Ӷʼ
ԭ͵ͳΡ̫Ȼδأ̳丸
ŬҵΪ峯ԭҪĿأ춨˼ʵĻ
ǧǰͳµһϵ壬ʱϢ
ں򣬳Ϊκʱ𼪣δΪŮ棬һǿ󣬽
ȨԪ֮ǨӡӢŬ
׿Խľ²ܣ˱Ժｭɺ
Ѽ̽ߵĸ䡣ȫͳһˡ岿족
1616 £˾±أ𡱣
ΪʼĽ
̫̳кλʱ𾭹䰴սѽ
ɨȨֱɽĳǽ¡֮󣬻̫÷ƣʹ
ԩɱ˿սԬصϰӶ
ˡԳɵũǳֱأ
ִ̫ʱʩеһϵξ´ʩʹԼǿȴ
ܳҪ
̫ΪʵͳһлԸʩеһҪߣǾȥ
֮ļìܡȫŬࡰ¾ˣ
ޡūߣȷһ塱ķ롣Ϊìܣ
̫䲼ڶʵͷ־ӣԱͻ
˸ɺٹ˹ֱͳΣ屴մ󳼼£
˽򺺹ټҪΥ˺˵Ȩ͵λ
ӶӮ˺ٶȨ֧֡
̫1631 鶨޸ˡ˷Ŭ
Ϊʱūĵλʮֵ£ʱġ˷涨
һɴͼͼҲһɴԿ̵̡ġ
涨˽ԲɲΡԡսƷɱˡ۸ŮðԼ
ѹƸ淢Ϊߣ淢˼ֵܱ׼뿪ˡ¸ĵġ
涨˽Լϸй߽ԸŲ׷
׼˻عȥȡںٺԴãֹ߽ϸ

̫ȡġ񺺹١͸Ƶĸڵͺì
˸ã̫ʮηĳ̵Ⱥ٣䷢һ
ɷĳдڴͶĹԱ԰ԭְӦƷ
ڹһϣ̫ӺƣڹʷԺԺں
ԺȡԺ񡢹̡ȡ
ԺԺԱɵΡ
Ŭഴް죬Ϊ±ƵĹǸ̫Ϊ
Žڼ̳кλĵ꣬1632 ꣬㴴˺죬
齨ɾ졣̫˵ޡɹšͬһ塱Ʃ
ζˡޱӻޣɹűӻɹţٱӻˣ
̫֮̿͡ڳ巪飬ʹ
ú塢ɹĳ佫뺺塢ڼìܵ
ʹȨϵصọ̃ңЩźʵҲΪԺ
ԶӰá
ҵϣҲҪáıҲҪڡۺʱ˺͵
أڹؼϣĵԳɹŲҮԸ߼׿ʶҵӪ
ʹԼĹ˾
1967 6 £жսʿ˺һȹرաձ
жʯֻƹǣڳ;صձֳ;
¶ʹҪӡ˹˾׷״ʹʯ
ҵӮþ޶һʱʯ纽˽Ż⡣
ŲһȴԴŶصĿǺŲ
Эᶭ³աҮʱ귽31 ꣬ոսӹµһ
С˹˾ҹ˾ֻ7 丸ʱԺҵоӪʹ
ȳϣ˼ʯҵʹ˹˾ʱĴ󲿷֣
Ͷʻѹʽ𣬾һΣԣֻʹС˾޾
Үڽӹܹ˾һʹ˶Դ˶
󲻽⡣ʹǮ˼ɢװɢװ
ΪҵƷɢװԭϡԴΪһЩ
ҵǩƷԭϵĳںͬ
˵۽贬˹˾ǹҵҵڳڴͶڴ
ֲͬΪһС˾ͶԵȳд׬һʵĻ
ᣬպȴ޷Ѿ˥˵Ψз۳Զ棬վȽ
ĺҵڲ֮ء
1973 ٴαжսΪҶɫе֧֣
ͣ׷ͼۡͼǣʹʯѹʯ
ҪͬʱͰ˹ʯֳɹɣҲıʯ·
ߡԭʹֵҵ˸ı仯
ʯ䴬ڿ֮Уʹ˾½άȣһĪչ
еشʧΪת棬еȱ㹻Ĳ޷ת
ڱ״̬
Үƾ빤ҵǩЩںͬӯȲ
Ȼȹҵ˥ʱڣ𲽻ʱ
Ү˾ŲĴ˹˾30 ̴ܼ120
ֵĴ󴬶ӣصڶͶʡЩɹ˵ǽ
ҵڵһ֮ϵġ
ⳡ罭һзΣ֣һҪʱ
ȡľߡ
Ӣ硪·͸磬130 ǰֵʱ
ڣŴƷ÷չս١·͸ץסѶĻ
ᣬԼλɹľߣڡ족ϡռ
Ŵг
·͸ʱֻһŷ޵ꡱ͵ǰͬ
ն·͸Ĵʼ䲻Ӣˣ䷢ȴӢʼġ
1850 ꣬·͸׶أʽ·͸硣ԱǷ
⣬ֻһ12 İԱɼģСÿδ򿪾棬
Ӱ첢ջùڶԼĳأ
ʱʱʱڣʱҵӪͽҵ
ԾӱȣָҵͽϢҪ·͸򸾿׼һ
飬Ӣ׵ʽõʱ㷺ռͻҵ
Ϣԡ·͸Ѷʽ۸СƱ̡Ͷʹ˾
ó׹˾ȵȽڻṩϢʱ׼ȷܻӭ
1852 ꣬ġѶŷԶڴ˹У·͸γ
Լŵ졢¡׼1853 սڶΪ
ս·͸ΪشżԷ˾꾡ı
ʹӢἰʱ˽⵽սʹǼ·͸
졢¡׼ӡҲĵλ1865 4 £ͳ
ϱ̣·͸ȱһشϢһϵвиŬ·͸
ڵ춨ڹűеҪλӴˣӰ첻
ڳΪʱϼҪͨѶ֮һ
һĿΪ޶ȵȡгһľӪ쵼ߣ
ѧӦı仯·͸򸾾Ӫҵĳɹ
ǿ׼ˡ족ҪԣӶ˳ɹ֮·Ӯ
ҵչҪ辶ձһС˾ϸı䡰Сȫ
ķӶȡóɹ·Ʒר򲼣Ϊ
40 ǰձһ湫˾Сҵ˾֮
Ԣֻ룬ʹҵСɡһ
ɹô죬ȴٿҵľӪĿͷ⡣ܹ˾Ա
ȱȴȫƷССȫľӪ룬ȱ
ƲΣԭԾѸߣЯ
͡
¾κ󣬿ıҵĳ·ڣձ˿
ղܵձÿԼ250 Ӥ뵽ÿ
Ӥ2 棬ȫһ500 СƷҵ
мһˣСҵͼޣССƣֻ
ҪгӭߵҪʹСƷҲɴ⡣
һ湫˾ϵֽŵġСȫľӪʽ
ѸרľӪߡ
ʮĲŬǶԲƷ»󾫣
ߵĲϸµ󣬹˾Ӫҵϣվձ
֥ͬʵ硢һʢ
гҾ£θҵʵѡӪ򣬹
ϵҵ˥ҵ֮ʣϷгϵ
·Ʒ辶ڻ˼ĳɹ
ƷôӿʱһЩ˾̣ͣҲһ
ߡ
ЪǷǡڷҶУȺ
1976 ƥ1978 1982 Ҫ
Ϊ˺ͣһ35 ʹν籭
İһζŷ޹ھӶʹΪһǿһ
ʱڱΪȻ־Ҫ
һҵǸˣҵɾͣȫ֪
ǡǲƸֺƷйصƷ
档һСѧõӡйھҵӡ֭ǿأ
˵Ļӭԣⷽչú˳ͬʱ
ҲݣԽԽȶȡ򳬼ǵĹ
ڣֳΪһ˵ҵҡ
1982 ꣬ѥ̳Ͽһҷװ˾
ºΪ10 װ˾ӱµĶͯϵ
˶¡Ƴ¿ʽгһաģؼ
˾ĸʽ˶£ƵƬͨһС
ĸŮ־ƵĿʽǰܸߡڷƤ᰺ʥ
ﰲ˺һģѵġ
Ŀ30 ϰһṩʳ޵οùݣᱻѡΪ
³ܾΪķɭ˾ڷƷӪ
ز⣬һȼԸ䶾ߵĴƻ
ڷŷһ̨ͷӶ̨Աʵ
Ƴһ״͵սĿͬʱ򷨹͡
˵׼Ƭ̣ΪԼӪЪ
ĳɼǲģڷӵ40 ڷɵʲ
гӮù˿ΪĿġĳһƷ֮˼˰
гϾľ᱾ǹ棬͡
֮·ǧߵĿνǽݾʹ뵽ҹ
̳󣬡Ƶ˶װȲƷȫе
֮ͬѰζ

Ԣٵʮ
[ԭ]
ڡ䱻ڢ޲⡣ƽܣԴ
ݡλޡ
ĿϣĹǡ֮Ŀߣ޲֮
ߣ޲ţ֮ߣ޲֪ղ
ߡ
֮Ի֮֮ࡣ֮أᣬ֮
⡣ɽ֮ɼԨ֮ɲ⣻֮λĪ֮(11)
(12)
͹ţ̹(13)ڶĿ֮ţ
ߣĪӡϳ߸ɾ(14)
һԻ֮Ի֮Ի֮ķ¡ҡǰӫ(15)
֮ڣ(16)
Ϊŷ(17)֮ΣΪ(18)֮Ϊ߾֮ͣΪ߾
֮֮͡ʥ֮֮֮ѭ
ܾó룬Īɡ(19)Ȱͬӡ(20)
ɲ(21)ܣȺҡź(22)޳Ҳ
֪ͨղƣԭҲ(23)(24)
һԻĿ(25)Իɶ(26)Ի(27)ǧ֮⣬΢֮У
ν¼飬Ī(28)
ѭΪ(29)ʵʵΪ飻գ
ʵʵʵ֮£ںͣڵ(30)
[ע]
ٷԣָͬʵһȫǺϣǷڡҹ
ںͰнڵƬз֣˸һƬպһƬ
ˣֻҪƬȫһڶԭǺϣǾ֤
˻ˡƬľƬֽƬȡӸӡǣ
ǴӡмжϷֱʹáӡСӡν
ԡǡ֮ԡļơ
죺˼
۱ڣǸϵ˼Ǹ˵Ľڶȡ
ƽ⣺ҪػҪʡ
ݴ𣺶Դ𺦡
λӾ֮λˣӦְ졢̬ȡ
Ϊߵ죬Ҫ֮۲졣֮
֮ԣҪ㷺ܶӾܾΪ˾Ҫ̬ȡ
֮أ֮ԣ˾ͻҲ
תΣΪ
ܾ֮ɳĽԣôıȻѣʹ
ͳ֮ͨ·
(11)ɽ֮ɼ??Ī֮죣ɽĸ߶ȺԨȹȻܲ
λȴģ޷ɽһ
(12)֮ľ߹ؽ
(13)飺֤ݻգԱࡣ
(14)ͣһҪͷš
(15)ӫ󣺼ǡ
(16)ʣΪ˾ʣõʱ˺͡
(17)ŷϡǳСѨͷϹ߸СѨڡ
ۡǿסҲΪϡףΪϡ
(18)٣ָ˵ֹܣӡζᡢ
(19)񲯣ָ;ԡ߶ǹƷ
(20)򣺾ҪǷ
(21)ɲܣ㷺֪һе
(22)źûܰ
(23)ԭҲ֪ΪƵԴͷ
(24)ܣΪ߱ѭﱾĹɡ
(25)ĿܿԶǧۡ
(26)ɶ֮
(27)֮롣
(28)ΣǾӦõĸֶǳĿɶ
(29)ѭΪ̽ɷֵж
(30)̽ȡǡֽͳεļ
[]
Ӿλˣꡢݡ־ȣȻỳܽ
ƣԸ貢Ϳƽ͵·λ
۾ҪľҪľҪľ
ۣ˾ȫµ۾ȥۿͲʲôģȫ
µĶȥͲʲôģȫµȥ˼Ͳ
ʲô֪ġ罫ЩһôͿһУ޿ɱ

ȡķǣҪԶԶ˾ӦҲҪԶԶ˾
ܾӦˣҪŴӶһ㱣ܾ˾
վ·ɽǿģԨǿԲ⵽׵ģ
ʥ˴·޷ġ
ʱҪá̷ʱҪǹʹ͵
غ͹óţЩûۿ׶
ҲǱĬáĳܳ£ôҲ
ӻֺξЩа֮ͽðأ͡
һʱ˺͡˷¡ҡǰ
ĵطںδʡ
Ǿϵͳߣٵ׳µĳ񣬾ʹͣ
µĳ񣬾ǳͷݳãʵ
ʹͣͲʥˣſɳޡʶѭ͹۹
ɣܳá֮ʹԷϲ֮
Ҳһġ
Ϊ㷺˽粻ô׷ɧ
ңѻȸǲģûнô֪ı仯
ղʵ޷ƶܡ
˾Ҫ֮۹磬Ҫ֮˼䣬Ҫ
֮˼ǧ֮⣬ԼԼãã֮и
ʹǡĺڰв˼аҲԡ족ǡΡ
ȥ£ʵϡʵ໥෴ʵ
Ʋڿ͹͹йصھ
򣬷ڴ֮ǻۣǻ۲֮Э
[]
ԡдͳλԼԡνԱ飬Ի
ԡ
ԱУбعִ߱Ҫ졢
ν졢ִߡӦôﵽһ־硣
֮У˳£ˡƽʱܹŽ֮
ˣԾװԦȺ
ڰ졢̬֮Уܼǻۣʹ³˼棬
٣ҫ¡ɼְ߱졢ľֵ
޴ġ
ʵ֤Ӣľߣ긻ǻԴڡĿġ
ΪĿϣĹǡҪĿĹﵽ
֮Ŀߣ޲֮ߣ޲ţ֮ߣ
޲֪
ƪеظ˹ھߣִߣҪλ
׼һϵеΪ׼ΪʽԼϵ
1λָҪλˣӦ԰졢̬֮·
һλִ߱۹¡
2ָ߹۲ʱҪ
һϰ˽԰շ硱仯״
3ָߴﵽҪ;ȡԡȡ
ԣʹԼһ㱣ܾ˽ԾȻطҡ
ǹ㿪㷺ȡϢʹжʱʧ
󡣴Ӷ˳ʩк˵Ĳڿȫ֣ʵʩʱرҪ
γ쵼ȨֶΡ
4ָ͡ߵʵʩ͡ͷԭ뷣Ӧʮӵ顣
ΪִҪк͹Ĵ¡ͷִ߽ܸ
¡ŽڣĵҪֶΡҲǷȥаҪֶΡ
ҪãͷʱһҪǳԣ֮±
·򡣡һ·ʹ뼰ʱͣԴҲʹ
ķͷ˱빫̷ˣǳͶҷ
Ǹ÷ȻȺңͷԳ
ˡ
⣬ͷ׼Ҫģͷ
5ʡоͷʱҪ̽ʱ˺ͣĸֹϵ
ȫλо鷽棬ԷĹɡ
6̽ͷӦѭνΪߣ֮ͣΪߣ
֮Ȼơ롰ǡĿ͹۱׼ʲôǾߡ
֮󡱣˼ִҪǵΪִܷ
Ҫܱˡ֮͵Ȼ͡ɴ˿֪ͷ׼ھ
ҪڰҪʱҪܿǡԷͷʧ
7ܡҪ㷺˽ϣҪͨ飬ʹ˳
ԡԡܡָ˾ߣҪ֪ж
֮ƶ
8ΡҪ֪ԴﵽʱҪзḻĲϵС
磬ҪԡĿ۲죬СǧۡҪԡϢС˳
Ҫá¡֮˼νз
Ĳ΢֮У֮
9֮˶ķ󣬾Ҫһʹ
ʵʵʣ֮ơνѭΪʵ
˴һ֣Ǻ϶ȣʵЭ
ڡԡƪеʵʵ
ʵ֮£ںͣڵ
֪ǡԡ֮
ͷ֮£Ӧʵʳìܣ̷ʱɱһӰҲǱҪġ
ˡһξֹһʿɧҡ
1184 ֪꣬ݡعپɳڣ£ط
ϽƲĸı־档
һηַʿҪۼ۸ǮµĹԱͬ⣬Щʿ
ɻؾĸã´УƽͬǮ쵨ӣ
æ֪ͨԱʿ˼졣ʷΣ֪˴£׷ߡ
ʿݹˣܵڳ֪ݵİġ
ץµ48 ˡʿٴκסĽӣƺ
ˡãԳЩ˶
кιϵһ°Լץ׷ɢȥ
Ѷ֮󣬽ͷѺĿͷʾڡеķ棬
еıӣͷʿҲˡ
Т˵˴£˵˭˵ų´Ȩ
ǨΪĸơ
ԶĿŹϸڣ֪201 α
ϰöĿೢζư¡
²ʱһ죬дø״й5 Ķ
δ죬ҹ˽ƻﱻ١
︽ߡ˼ׯҲֹΪ
룬ٹߴЩˡ
Ұѳõ¶Ѹһһ¹
һζ࣬С¹ɬζʵ
˭ģһ˻æҼҵġָȼ
ΪʲôҪŪ˼ҵĹ٣˾ˣֻߵͷԭ
ھͬٹҵھӵĹ5 죬õгȥػض
ܶ׬Ǯ߲͵͵˼ҵĹŪⱾ
˹Цһ1 ꣬ûٹʳ
ʺ˵ôϵ׼ȷش
¶ͬҵ˸ɵġԵжϹϸצٵ£
մϹϸٵ֭ζࡣһ±֪һͬˡ
ͷжȣƽģЧؽ⡣
ʱݽɽһ֮ɽΪܣ˾
͵ص㡣ϴϢ˱ٸץסˡ֪ݳϸ˽Щ˵
˴㡣ţ;Ƹ׼ݿܵˣ
˵ǲҪݿܣȥŪʲôô
ȥţ;ƣأ粻Ȱ棬ɱ⡣ЩҪݿܵˣ
Ʋֻ÷׷ǰȥס׳һͣ
̼ͶٸԽԽ࣬ȫеδһһ䣬ݵ
ƽϢⳡڼıҡ
ıʱҪúϺԼݵķʽжʵУʹ
зɣսΡսˡ
婣ùյİ취ıȡλΪԺһλ
үݡ
ʦ䣬ּ֪Ѳھ͵ļң
󳼸ϲʥּճϲšʱ
ףԼաټıʿԲߡ
ף֮Աһ򾡣Ȼ󣬽죬ȡλ
յĵڶ죬Ա½л硣ݼѱϣ
״ʿھ֮ʣشּ
볯ڹ֮ԣּܽǾʿֻ
ΨѲݣ˾ʹӳԷԣѺնס
Ϊة࣬ʿʵΪةϭģķɲʾ˳
ȡŽϿȵءϢ͢Ϊ𾪣æǲƽ
ҡ
ı۶λΪԱУ˻
ּ̫ϲʹ͢ͻȻ±֮£ֲ
ʩгϣȻִߡ쵼˵磬
佭Դ֮¡Դ㽭ˮ֪ءʱֵһˮ֣
ˮأεĽԴòȫԸذ֮¡ڲ
࣬ټһЩ˳˻̧׼ۣķŭͶ·
˼׵һЩһȻҡ
ôأԴԺ¼ϡ׽100 
ͷˡһߣɱһӰ١Ȼ󣬽ǵ⣬
ֳＯǮش󻧶ģ˭Ҳϡ
ԴȫصʿټԴ˵ˮ
أ࣬٣ϣλǮǶߣٸ
ƺʩҶһ飻ҪҲʣԱߣǮ
ǮȣҲҪңдΪĳĳˡڸüҵĴ
ϣҲ׼⣬ǵõƺʩҵ˼ң
ʾһţڸüҴſڣ˭һɴ
һʿѹܴ»µòٷı
٣׷׾ռ䣬ۺϾ10 ＯǮƣ
ҲͰˡΪ˷ֹ̰ΪԶ
졣ɶΪ˳ڹѺİδã
Уϳ͡Դ˵Щﷸնʡ
Сڼʹȥͨʱڷͬ
ҿֻǼȷɡЩ˶õᴦ
ʩʩͳĲԣ壬á
רˣƫϣֻͬʱãáԴ
ʹЩԣֹ˻ҵľ棬⣬Լš
ʱ׹ų꼧ԣݺضᣬȺӡ
12 Ժ׹ȥӵعλΪݹݹ
ضľλȥҹı̣ضִӵҹӡȺ󾭹
롢ܡ֣ȹ󵽳
ԤضܵδΪһѹӣ
ڽӴǰһϣ澳ض
Ϲαضش𣬡Ůʯ˿еǣȸᡢ
ǹҹڣʣµĲ֣֪ʲô
˵ôҪһαѽض
ظеа֮ĵĳҪȻʲôŮ桢
زػش𣺡Ҫܻ֮ؽΪһ
ѷսôһ˱ԱĶݡ
ض˵˱Ȼܵõ½⣬ôֻȫ
װˡ˵ʴӦЦ֮ԣ⽻
˫˼ĶδضĻشȱ˶Գжرĳ⣬
ֱʾά˺͹ϵԭ⽻ϵ
ضӳصع¹ҪֲһصĽض
ǳŴŮ޸Ԫǰ636 꾭19 Ľ
ض¹»عλƽĹı˥ȡ
˵ĸ£̶䣬ʹ߱˳ưԭ
Ԫǰ632 ꣬±ڵĹܹ֮ܲ裬Ҫ
ٵܣɹйֹܹ²˲
ܲɴ༯ȫΧζγɹ
ڽĹѣȺԲߣɽ롢
Ϲƣ̶ԸΪЮܡ
˱ŭ񲻹˳޴ӽʦĸ룬Σʦ
ܶѰͬս
Ϊưԭ˴ģһս
Ĺƣ˵ŵԣȫ˱ᣬ󳷾ʮ
ڵĳ姣ʱʿΪΪһ֮õй֮
һֳ裬ҳʦԶ֤Ѿƣͣúˡ
˱˽ĹԶţ˳Ķ£ңܿ
â˳˽ʿӮͬ飻ѡ
ڵеսһȡյ룬
ıԣһʤŵս
ڵ÷չУҲӦ¾÷չơ̫

޵ľҵڡ
̶ܴܹԸ㣬ں͵֮óͶʹڲ
ڲϵһתı仯Զ峬õ

ǰձйıʡԼ˹̫ƽذ
ʡбΪһͳһľõǱйعҵͲɿҵ
ձ߿ƼҵศɣҪѸٵӶ
̫ķչ
йϲ̨һĴйΪһٹ
ľʻǴλ
ᷢǲò跨ʣΪǵľԽ
СһྺؽΪһѡǹȡ
һóŬȻγɽ׶ΣΪ֮ľ
֮ĻΪ䡣
ӡ֧ǵĿţ붫˸ϵĽϣ̼
ķչǳָгǵһͳһʱǳ
ڲҲѸ
һ𣬽𽥰ѾúĴתƹ
ֻĻķ硣ȻǴγһϵ
ŵĳ۵㣬⵼ìܺš羭
չ۹ʶ̫ʵκ⣬Ҫ¶أۺ
оҵѣҲǶ෽ԭɵġ
꣬йϲĳˮйͨ60 
ۡĳӰ죬90 ôӿ
Ƕٴܵ顣֪ʶ
ǡݱϺ㶫9 ʡ4654 һ
ʾ40ûв飬ӵ50 ҵĲֻ꣬ռ
36500 ϵֻռ2ѡһȫʾ80
鱨֧ռĻ13390 ֻ֧ⷽ
ռ88Ϊ˾ˮƽƣд
֧14ͼѱȴ½ֻ1ңҪѧ
ճõѧϰαĿϷĳʡһ˺ģȫʡÿ
ÿ깺ͼֻ֧ռ004ƽÿ˽߽Ǯ
ԭжֶڴڡ뵹ҡ󣬡
ۡгͬʱ鳡ӣ¼˹ơϷ
OKڵôỨǮĶȥ
ıĺ֢֮һʹ֪ʶƶΪȱ
ֻгȣȴûȺġƽˡ
겻ȻҲһЩɬԭ
һЩʷͼ飬۶ʮԪһ֪ܲʶӴ
𰮲֣ڴ޿κεطŻԭΣټ
٣СеҲϵؼ1993 ꣬700 
ڹ̳ʧ͵ǣϺϾ·»꣬
ԭǽڱ»йڶ꣬˳ΪԶһ
ꡱⲻѡ1993 ĩ͸¶Ľ
Ϊһ̳׷׷ԣԹڣ
δʵʩԤԣҪϳϾ·
ֵɽ·ľ߹ģ꣬Լվ
λջ̣ЧȰߡ˵»ϵͳһ
ٶ꣬2 ƽףȲһг
̳Ĵ˳ɴ˿ɼһߡʵϣӪ꣬ޣͼ
ҵ˰ҵûʲôͬҪȡͬ
ٱҪһҪ100 Ԫͼ飬ٵ200
ԪĿ棻ÿ۳1000 ԪӪҵҲ40 Ԫͼ
ܡͼ100 Ԫõë8 Ԫ1000 Ԫ200 Ԫ
۳Ϣ˰աԱʡѡѺ󣬱ʲôҲ׬ˡ
ҵȽϣ꾭Ӫ֮ѣԶ
ƪ
һʢ
[ԭ]
ʢڣʢۣΪ֮Ϊ֮ܣΪ֮ݡ
֮ޡߣ֮ʼߣһҲࡣ֮죬֮
λضɣĪΣĪ֪ν֮顱
ߣ֮Դһ仯ˢᡣԵܵһ⣬(11)
ߣ֮ߣΪ֮ʹϡʮ(12)ߣ֮Ż
֮(13)Ҳ֮(14)ν֮롣ߣΪһ֪֮ߣ
֪֮ν֮ʥˡʥߣ֪֮(15)һڻ
(16)֪(17)ɻͨвͨ(18)ͨҲ
(19)(20)֮ν(21)ߣ־Ҳ˼Ҳ
ҲҲҲһҲ֪(22)˥
ıƣ޲Ϊ֮(23)ν񻯹ν֮ˡߣ
ͬϵִһ(24)࣬ġʩΪ԰־ǡ˼⣬
Ҳʿߣ֮ͨʢ־
[ע]
񣺾ǡ
еνСҹ˵仯Ĵͳ
ѧ˵Ϊ֮䣬ѭתͣĽľˮ
ԪضǹŴ飬г
ָġΡƢΡ֮ţɵĸԴ
ɷꡢؼ۲֮Դо־顣
Ϊ֮᣺޵ĵط
ݵΪ֮󣺵аʹ˳Ϊ˵ıԴ
֮ݵ񣬵صĸԴ
֮ʼ޵˼ӡС֮ʼ֮ĸ
ԡ֮ʼޣ޳ΪУֳ޵̬
һҲ֮ʼǵ֮ʼһһΪټ͡
ữˣ仯Ŀʼ
һһޣҲ֮Դ
(11)ܱΪȻ
(12)ʮ᣺ָĿǡࡢ⡢ɫ㡢ζ
ȶԡ
(13)㣺ͳʡݡ
(14)֮죺촫ڵ˼ġ
(15)ʥߣ֪֮ʥ˹Ȼΰ󣬵ѧ֮
ԱҪһΡ
(16)һڻ빲ͬģΪȻã
˵֮ʹ
(17)֪ϣ֪֮࣬ȫǸݾϡʶ
֮
(18)ɻͨвͨݾϻ֪
ԻͲͨ
(19)ͨҲܺͨȻܱ
(20)Ŭʹֹͣס
(21)֮νŬʹסȻʤ
(22)ߣָ־˼񡢵¶ԡ
(23)֮ʹס
(24)ִһΪ
[]
ǿ˵ľҪЧ֮仯֮ʢˣ
֮ǿ֮񡢻ꡢǡ顢־Уλ
ĴƷڱʽ֮֮ڵ
νǲصıԴһɡʼȻһɶ
ɣﻯ֮Ϊ
ض󣬽в֣ǾͳΪ顱
˵ġıԴ仯֮ʼɴ޵¡
ר־һĵνڡʱ

˵оʮᡣ˵ۡǡࡢӴ
Żܹǡ
˱죬ʳΪˡԭΪһ塣У״
ˣ̿ڹͳΪʥˡνʥˡԴƵ
ѡ
ؼ䣬滷仯֪ʶøָо
٣ͨۺϷ˼ά
в֮ͨ
Ҫʹͨ񡢻ꡢǡ־
Ҫʹһ̳֮ΪȻ˻Ĺɣ
ڡ־˼񡱡У֡Ҫ
ġҪá֮͡Ŀʹߡƽ߲͡˥
ܳƣΪʹʹ仯֮
֮Ϊˡνˣܺ⣬һȻ
־ʩ£ܲ˼
ˡνʿһͨҲܾʢ־
[]
ƪǰƪʢ־ʵ⡣Ҫǽԣǹ
ѧ˵ԭ䡣
ʢһָġΡƢΡ
ͳ죬ľӴĸΪ֮
֮ԴƷ¿־ȻֶΣ
ǻǵʹߡ١ʮסĳڣĵĿ
ЩġֻҪڲͿ׵Ϊϣ
Ȼ֮У֪Ǿٶ̼ķӳ
ЩɻʱҪͨȥա֮ͨͿ
ʹססǾ
С񵽻˵ǡõɡõɡǸȻ
ͬϣΪԭĻȻ
ڱƪָ˻⡣
˵ʢ񣬼ŬĹ̡Ҫñʱʣ
ǿڹ۾飬ĥ־ǿԱ֤ʱʱ
֮ɽ֮Ѹٳ񲻿ɵʱʱҪȴʱ
ӱ濴ƺǻͳӵģʵġΪʱδ
УƱҪԿϵӻҵĽ̡򲻴
󣬳͢Ȩ䵽ҵ˰嵽
ҪŻ㣬Ϊة淴˵
ԣҵ¹֮˺ܲˣҲ
ꡣ󻹲ģȥˮƽƽȴ֧
˵ذԼֵܷΪͬʱԳƽҲۿˡ
֪ƽ˵ҶǸµϳ
ôΥԣͬΪԵ𣿡ƽ
ϼŴȨҰģֻǼֵܵʱʢı
Եʱ죬Բʹû֮ƣʱЭǣ
Щֲȫгֻζ˵ڳ͢ϵ淴
Ȳ£ȫҽɽһȵҡ˵
⣬ǵǳƽϼ
ıγеѰ£űȨ½ָ
˵°עࣻΣע⽫ϵã󳼾ͻ
ҪձȨ̫ξܲǿϳھܸߣ
ܵõ֧֣ͻվȨİաԸ⵽ܲΪͨ
ƽǳˣȡ500 ƽ½ʹáʵܲҲ翴
Ϊͨ½ִߣ뵹Ļƽ½ִ
ǮƣҪΪڻڴндɶ
ƴԼʵһһζ籩١
Ԫǰ180 Ͻ»ѵҹζ࣬
ӽ˴ȨͳϾŹ͢;ǣܼ
󳼡¼æĸ֪ͨԼĸ壬Լ
ԼھӦɽϭġ
ӱӤʾǰȥӭսϹӤȴ
һһߣ˷С
Ȼؼ⣬νǵϼš̫ξܲȻھӰ
죬ûʵʱȨһһ䶼Ҫ»ƽ֪ʼ
»ĹϵʮУܲı߻ٳ۪ĵĸ۪̣ҪЮʼ
ȥ»˵۪ıȴӦǵȥ»˵ԭ
͢9 ˣ3 ΪǶûֻΪܷ󲻵
ķȥϽְھǣԲ󳼺
ֻҪѾȨܲԼļѵ˾ͻƽҲ
ڷصٻ󡣡»һ۪ΪĸĻ
뽻Ȩ˳淴ԣ»һʱԥʱ
ӤϱϢ۪ܲȥȰ»˵ӦϿ¾ģ
ȥҪ´ңɱ֮»ǽȨ
ܲ˱ȨϼȡжʧȨ
Ѹ߽⣬»롢ͨ˶ɱϼҲ
ڱ֮Сƽ˷ϵ󶨵ĻʵۣӭΪʵۣ
ʷϵĺĵۡ
ƽܲϳԼǻۺ͵ʶսʤٴʹ
ҽɽȶ
־
[ԭ]
־٣־ߣ֮˼Ҳڡ־˼֮־
ߣ֮ʹҲɢɢ־˥־˥˼Ҳһ
̢ۣ־ⲻ˥־ⲻ˥˼ӡͨͨ
С֪ˣ־ͨӣְ֪ӡ
֮ˣ֪װ֪ʢ˥־
֪ܡ־̣̣˼ǲ˼ǲװ
ʵ־ⲻʵӦԲͣӦԲͣʧ־飻־ʧ飬
ɥӡɥ·ܣ·λݲһ־֮ʼڰ
־ʵᣬ־ʵƲ֡أܷ֮
[ע]
־꣺Ϊ־жǷǵģʹռĹжϼ
ף˲űЧꡣ
־ߣ֮˼ҲԲҪ־
ۻ̣˼
ܷ·ѱҲǲȷ˼
ݲλ᣺ָ־ġ߽ϡ
[]
־ķҪЧꡣ˼άҪԼ־
һŻһ뷨ʹΪʵν־
ʹߣˣɢ־ͻᱡͻ˼

רһͲ࣬࣬־Ͳ˥־
˥˼ͻᳩ˼볩˳˳оͲᷳҡ
ˣ˶Ҫ⣬ҪԼ
泩˽ˣ֪Ρ
ҪˣһҪ֪Ĺ֪ʢ˥֪
־״̬־۲ǷȽ֪
־Ͳȹ̣ȹ̣˼ǾͲ˼
ǲ־Ͳᶨ־ᶨӦͲݣӦݣͻ
ʧģͻͻʧɥ־ʧɥ־ͻ
㱣㱣־ġ߾ͲЭˡ
־֮ʼҪȰԼԼ־ˣ־żᶨ
ᶨ־أܵһС
[]
ӡΪ־ܵʵ֣Ҫ־ͨ
־ʹߣ࣬ͻɢɢ־ͻ־
Ͳʹ졣ƣͲࣻ࣬
־Ͳ־˼ʹ졣˼ͨˣ˳ˣ
Ͳ
ΪˣҪΪҪ˽Ϊͻ
ְأҪʹһˣҪĹ֪
˽İúͲŸɡ
ӡΪòͲᶨͲ죬
˼Ͳͨ־Ͳ̤ʵӦͲܵ飬͵ɥʧ
ꡣ
־ĿľҪʹԼ־ᶨСҪ
֪ǵ־״̬֪ǵ֪Ρʷ
Ңõ¾˵һ㣺
ʺҢβ˵켸ʮ꣬ҹΪͣ
Ϊƺ֮ǡºܶ࣬ˣģѡ
ܽˡ
ҢƼҢӵ졣Ң˵Ǹܲĵˣֺ
һЩԭǷǣ˲ʵʵΪ£á
ҢתһܽҵĹǫòܣ˵Լ
ܵΡҢ˵ȻǾƼһɣܽ׻
ԶݣǹֻҪܼžС
˵иƽ˴ĸţ˫Ŀʧ
ﲶΪʱЩͣϿңʵرǼͥϵ
ܺá˵˴иܵ󣬺ĸĸ񣬵
ܺܰĸ˴Ū˴ȻԸĸТ˳
ܵܺѰһ˺ܺһԵΡ
ҢΪԣҪԿһ¡ŮʺŮӢ޸
ʮδ˴ΪޣŸӺ˴һԱ۲˴Ϊˡ
˴׺ҪТţϱְ𣬹յܾܵɩı֣
ûΪӳ߹ƻͥĹء˴ҢľŸҪ󶼺
һҲǨ͡˴ɽֵأںǫãͬһ𿪻ֵ
˶ܻ磬Ǣദ˴ȥ㣬˿˴ǫѷ
Ҳ˼ִ˴ںӱϸ棬һ㲻Ϲ
Щ˼ˣȸеַǳĽ˴ѧؾ
ˡ˴Ʒв˺ܴҶԸ׽ס
طƫƧһͱ˴䣬ͳΪֵĳ
Ңʶ˴Ϊ͸˴һ٣߼ϺһȺţ
Ϊ˴޽֣˴ĵܵ󣬿˴ԣǳʼɣһҪ˴
һĸˣҪŽ˴ȥ©Ĳݡ˴ŵָ
طԼӣʺŮӢȡһҸ˴޲̫
á˴ȡϲֶ۾޲šʱ͵͵ÿ
ڲֵΧ˴ֶéݸǵģһŻѸ
ȼ̷ֻڣ˴Ǻ޷̵Ƥͨ졣
˴ӣӲ֪ȥǣæѴ̫Ю
Ҹ£һһĳһðȥŷƣƮƮ
ֽԶĵط˴֪ͺĸĹƣƽϡ󿴵һ
ɣһƣĸ飬ȰŽ˴ȥ޾Ŷ˴˵
첻꣬ˮǳ¾ȥɳ͸ɾѾһ㡣˴ص
ķ䣬޾¸ӡʺŮӢȡһѶ̸˴˴
ҪСġ˴¾ȲɳѶ̸ڲһ
ںãھϽ˴˴Ӧһ֪˴ھæһ
֣šʯ飬˴ھ˴ˣ
㵸ܵĸǰ˵ģڿָĶ
ˣֺţͰְ֣ɩӺٵþ߹ҡ֪˴
Ĳھڽ˴˴Ӧһ󣬱㵽ںõľ
ԭھͨԱߵһھ˴Ѿ߿ʹԱߵľ
ʱ˴ķ⣬ǣ룺һжҵˡ
Ŀصٵʱ˴߽к󲻾ʧ
ɫͨ죬תȥ˴æסɫ˵
ãЩҪһ¡˴Ժ͹ȥһԵܵѰ
ԸТ˳Ң˴һʱĿ죬Ϊ˴ƷȷʵãӦ
ֵּа취Ҫ˴ƹһЩ
˴κ󣬺עѡ˲ġʱа˸ӣǳ֮Ϊ
а˸ӣǳΪԪֱŶգ
˴ƼЭ˴Ң£ʲôþ
ܵԶ͵𾴡Ŀ죬Ң϶˴
ĽӰˣͰλø˴
ҢΪ˽˴־״̬֪֪Ρ
ʵ
[ԭ]
ʵⷨߢ٣ʵߣ֮Ҳڡ˼Զİ
٣˼Զıɣ־ңı򹦲ɼ䡣Ƕ
죬вۣߵܡʶģаö֮ݣթ
ıö֮ӡޣһ֮ᣬ
֮֮Ҳıߣǲᣬӣ֮áı
ʧӣţʵΪ󰲾ͨᣬ
ǹزӢ⡢־˼̫֮飬Թؿ
գ֪컯֮ʼԭ֪֮£
뻶жν֪ͨӦ޷
ӡ
[ע]
ߣߣƼз衣
ʵߣ֮ҲֻҪ⵱ʵ壬ͱúƽҲ
塣
۰вƽͲд
ᡢ
ʶģаö֮ʶֻǵʱôа
롣
ʹ֤
ߴ֮ᣬ֮֮˽Ͽң½֮
ۣ䶯
ָࣺġΡΡƢ
աйܳƣθС
ϸ긹ַϽн½Ͱ
ס
ӣָʹɢԡ
[]
ᶨ־֮ҪЧߡᶨ־Ҫ鰲꣬˼֮

ľҪƽ˼ҪԶľƽ죬˼Զı
гɡ죬˼ǾͲңıɹҵͲƻ־˼ȶ
ľ꣬ľоͲжʹ
˼С
˵ĵʶֻʱסôаͿܳ˻룬
թıҲԳ˻У˵ĻҲ˼ġ
˵ش仯ȴᣬʱ
죬ͿԸ½ϵж⡣
νıǹҴĹؼ˼ǲܣòʹȴ
ʱҲıʧЧ־ᶨͻöʵ
ΪΪ˼ǣҪ˾˼ͨǹش棬
ܹҷʡȡϢ־̫飬鼺
˹֮仯컯Ĺɣ֪֮棬˼֮
žͿ֪´£ͿԿǳ仯
֮ؼڣھУ¾ͿԴΡ
νԴ˿Ӧĵ磬ʹ
䡣
[]
ӡΪ˶Ҫ˼ǶϣԶˬ
˼ԶıʵҪΪΪҪ󰲾ࡢͨ
ǹزӡ־˼þȴ

ǾҪ۲쿪ٵصĵ˽Ȼ컯Ĺܶ
ʼı仯ɣȻ̽ι;ˣžͿ
£ͿԿûͿԷû
ɴʹ´Ρ
һ˵־˼ǰľͰꡣľΪͲ
жٴĲʹСԹ˵Ҫᶨ־
ľҪƽ˼ҪԶ
ԶǣнǡǳԶ棬Ͳıǰ⣬
ȫ棬Ͳܴþֲ⣬ıԶҪʶ﷢չ
仯ĿܺƣȲȡӦĴʩ֪֪
ıԶӦӰ˼ΣδȻΪκﶼп෴
תʤòģһԱȷ仯ͻתʤΪܣ
ǿΪʤ֮ʱҪѵͷԣ׼ӦܷΣպ
ѡ˵ıǹҴĹؼǲȫ³ç
׼ıʵʩܳɹʵʩǡı
ʧܡڴʵʳԽо֣ƣȼ֮
ӮȻ֮ӦԿֵֹܳƣء
سֿǵֱֲͬĶԲߣʱʱ
ڲ֮ء
ʵʩ֮ǰܵĳﻮͱҪ׼Ӧ㣺
1֪֪֪֪ˡ֪˾˽Էʵͼ
ȡ˫ʵƶʵеķ
2ܰšʵʩǰҪԴС¶ܰţκһڲ
Ӱȫ֣Ӧȫ׵
3ע⻷ơӦԼĻơҪط
ҲӦԻԼϤĻнС
ٸӡ
ڴʱ֮Ϊطִı󶯣֮
ıͳڳ֮飬ڱס500 
̫ʱʣ̫ҪϽ̳
λȴ˻ҪЮԳΪȻ
Ͳȥ̫泼̡Ϊع̳оλǴ£
ȴӦҪµԺ˵
̫ӻع̳˾λãʹߴ50 ǰҪ
ǰӦ500 ءΪѣ⡣˵
ʱټڳôҶ׼ơ
һײߵ˵ܲΪԡ
ȥѾӦڲǲõġԺҲȡš
ӦȸȻٳȡȸԶšٴȡ
֤ǿ󡣡
˳ѳ˵ܸǳԺų֮
Ϊ̹ȥ500 أȥһ룬ͽ
֮֮ʵ𣿼ܸȥض

ѳ˳˵ܸԳԼҲ
סĪӦԼԼšȥأصء
˼ѳ˵Ŷ
ӣ˵˵̳ҽʴӣգݵ˵
ЩŴԲáʮֲ⣬˵⻰ʲô˼
˵ʵȥ֤ǵŶǿеġǣӱ
˵˾İ취ǰ׵أڶ죬
ѳȥأգɾȥعȡƶС
֪ͬ׵֮¡ǣɱȥ
ӹܵʱؽѳȴ˵ҷش˶أ㵱ְ
һҪȡأжˣ
߶ͯԼ30 ʿ䣬ԸΪػ
ѶǴ˵ǰ׵أѳأ
Ǻιʣ˵ҷ֮ǰ׵棬ѳΥ
عѳˡ
ǣ˱򶫵ءδ߽磬ع50
ؾͳ˧ʹ˵ֹ̫
̳оλ˻ҪЮҪأǲʣֳǿйռ
أǲ塣˱գȻҾҪˡֺ
ʧֻعʹ߸ؽ͡ȱס˶500
δʧ¡
͹޲໥ϵѳ˵ţȻͬ
ȴܸȡ䳤Ϊ䣬γһȷ֮ߡ
ѣı󶯣ʧ֮СһıͳӲΪ֮
ˡ
ģ
[ԭ]
ٷܢڣߣ֮Ҳʾ־⣬ᣬ
ʢӡʢʵܣʵᣬĪĪԷ֮
ƣ졣ʵȡ飬ȡޣ׳ݡʶ߱棬߱
ͣһָŴΣΣܼߣڳͣԼ䣬
ɷ֡䣬־Ӽ䡣֪ʵߣҲ
ߣҲΪ֮ơ
[ע]
ٷӰ쵽Զ˼Ҳʢ󣬶ﶼӰ졣
ڷܣЧҪ͵ϮܣڵϣȻŲȡж
ֱָǰҪ
۸ǣ档
ʢʵ᣺ıǿʢ־ҲȻɼʵ
׳ƶ˼λ൱ڶʮ
ʮΪһ
[]
ҪЧн͵ϮܡνҪԼ
ƽľؼԼ־ʹ֮ģصǿʢ
ǿʢڲ͸Ϊǿۺ񣬴Ӷ޵СΪ޵У
Ҫη׳ʹ֮һȻ޼䡣
ʵȡ飬ȡޣһʮסԣֻ
Ҫжͱض׷棬гߣкߡһָͷԸ
ָĻֻҪж仯Է޷ı
һһ͵ʽҲ÷ֶΣڶնԷá
ʵʱȡʤ
ɼҪ־ʵ԰˻
־ʵˣǫѷˣ
Ҫ跨ʹչɸ꣬ҪƵơ
[]
˵ԼʵķСܷνǰԼ
ʵʵȡ飬ȡޡ
νʵǾӵ¡ǿΡڡбǿ㡣ν飬
ӡҡ͡ѡޱ㣬ʵ֮ʵ֮ʵ飬
תʵöԷ㣬սʤԷض£αװİ취
־Ͷĸźԣڱͷչ
ԼܹȴװɲܣȴװŲأսȴ
װսͨԻˣʹ֮ڱλսʤ֮
ıԷӦעıԶԿȫ֣ڿܵĻʾ
ܣƭ֣ãڵ˹ƭʱȡȷ
սʤ֮
δĽԡκǡеƴʷơ
䡱
ǲ캫ԡκҹ˷Ϻϣ˼ǲκ
ҪκӲκӵıʿ׼Ի벻Ҫ
ǲҪͷһ⣬̰ᣬ
Ĵ֡ʱȻ᲻Ӷʹȥʰһ
ֽеǲܱס
κµ֭һЩظǲǲȻԡκ
ᡣκӲոʧأ˸ء
µĲʹǲݣ˵񣬹ǲȻʱ
أ߱ʱʱĳЩǱҪġʱΪ
ȴʱٰ
ʱԭʵ5000 
ǰʦפӸҪңǵͳ˧ۼ
״һࡣ
Ϊ¸еʱƥǰ
¡ڣ˿ֻһĶţΪ
ʲôķ粨ĵûһ¡
쵽Ժֻ˻ʵ۵گ飬ʺңҵ
һҲûᣬ·ûд·һЩͷҵȫ
װҲװû
һ죬ڲٳֶȫսʿǰٳ
оڳ±߳Էǰųȵ̨ףϱ
þ˸ǰĳϹǵĵȻԷ
տʼȻһģµվڳȵ̨ϣͷ
ƽǴĵһ뿪ɶߡЩ
òԼһӾûа취ʩչǵ䡣ʱ
ŹϣµնЩѾӴԺط˲
ıˡ
ụ̈µ̬סˣи֮
ͻȻϮһټһƲߣҲڸյһ档
壩ɢ
[ԭ]
ɢƷ٣ɢߣ֮ʹҲ֮ѭࡢʢ
Ƽ֮ɢɢߣ־ڡʧƢۣר
䣬ʹ־ΪԴ˵ͼ£Բ̳޼
ɢƣɢߴƷӡ˼ߣھʵ
ʧɢ֮ʵ־⣬֪ıߣ֮Ȩ֮ơ
ưߣҲ
[ע]
һ롣ӡ֮ڻߣҲ
ڷɢߣ־磺黳ȾܰһУ־ܾһ
УҪú÷ơ
ʧƣ־һ˥΢ͻɥʧơ
[]
սУչֵҪЧ񡣷ɢԼʵҪ
һ˼ԭָ£ʵʩʱ밴һĿռ˳
ʵʵһĿռ˳ܵõչﵽһ
Ŀ꣬ع㲩һУ־ͻ档
־ǿ˥רôͻѻ˵©Է
Ķʱֱ仯
Ҫڹ۲˵־ʶԴΪȹϵı壬
ַԲ֮Ϻ仯ľûйͿռ䣬
չ֮չѭУһж
ҲͷչˣҲԷӡ
˵ڷֶԷ©ˣԼ۲Է
ʵжʱܴﵽɢʹЧжܱҷͼ
ȷ֪Էļıܣ
νǾʤܵĴ¡ܣǲ۲
¡
[]
ڱƪָˣͳ⡣
˵ɢƣҪӸֵʵҪʵҪ־
ܿһС
һıԹ˵Ŀܹδ֮
УȺۣ춨ĻҵһҪԭ֪
Ρ
֮ս֮ӽӱΪ
ִͣǳ棬ȫ£ְλСΥıܳͷһ
ŵһλߴ˾ɸն˼
棬λΥߡѶʮѼ
ץʱĹְ¸Ȱ˵ǳ
ӵļڼִѯ˽飬Ǳִ֤᳹С
˵е˼񣬶һλ˽ִΪ̼
Ϊ˱ʾԼִ֧֣˵Ҫ
ѽҵɱǲὲ˽ģ
ãٰݼΪƫƽӱս۹ͣ
Ϊк
Ҫƺʹþиˣڹ۲ԷʵֶԷ©
ˣȷ֪ԷļıڵȵԷ©ʱȡжӶ
֮ء
Ҫıڹ۲˵־ʶԴΪĦ
ϵԼ־ͨڣͬϲãûвɹҵ
ͬ񣬾ûв㸲ĵˡҪˣͳԦзҪ
ıҪǫ
Ԫǰ203 ꣬Ųá֮ضսԾ20 
ֹռ࣬ȡ֮ءʱǲʹºαթ
䣬޳ӣҲԼ岻أ
Ҽƺšź󣬴ұڴˣ絽
ǰȣȴҪΪ
ıʿһֱΪŵ򱳣ȡʤоصã
ںԶأΪֹ
һţ
˵ǴôܵסųأΪʹ
ءıġʱָĿ
ҪαҪʲôأ
ǣأ⺫ΪŵļƲߣȻ
ס˺ŵģʹܹ˳ŴȥΪڶ
꺫ϣ£֯ϵ׼
תԲ
[ԭ]
תԲޢ٣תԲߣ֮ơߣʥ֮Ģڣԭ
֮ǣԲ֮ǶͨΪһԱ࣬˵
Լıοۣ͢ػ򼪻ף಻ͬʥ
˻֮ãתԲϡ컯Ϊʼ޲Թ
֮
޼ܣԳࡣı֪伪סɰ֮
ׯҲתԲߣתתסʥԵ֪֪תԲ
ԲߣԺݣߣԴ¢ޣתߣԹۼıߣ
ߣԹ۽֮ࡣԼᣬΪҪᣬԽ˵Ҳ
[ע]
תԲޣʥ˵ǻ۾ͣתԲ飬磬
޵ĶԢھȷ󶯣һԾޱȡ
ʥ֮ģʥ˵һ㡣
ԼıݣԼı޹̶̬
޼ع˼Ҳļѭ
ԲߣԺԲ仯ʹת
޷ߣԴ£Ľȷ֮ͻȶʺڶΪ֮µ
á
תߣԹۼıνת߾תΪԴڹ۲
ıǷǵʧ
ߣԹ۽֮⣺ͨ飬ʺĽ
Ƿǵȡ
[]
ʵʩתԲҪЧʳжѸ١νתԲָ
ıܹıˣضʥ֮ģƾ
ԲļıѲȵ֪ıԼͨġ
ǻ֮ʼԱ仯֮޾ġ
¶ɼıҲвͬʽԲıзԣıı
мߡǡ¸ͬʥԴΪƳı
ʵʡԿʼ컯صʥˣΪ޲ϺȻԹ֮

֮޼֮޾и𡣸ıҲ
ΣҲȻ֪׼ɰˡ
νתԲߣеתΪ飬еתΪաʥչɶ֪
֮Ȼ١תԲӷӦ˳ɡ
νתԲҪϺҪνӷʹ
ضСתΪ˹ƣΪ˹۲ˡ
ڻ㷽Բת֮ͿԷۺϣͳһѧ˵ˡ
[]
ڱƪָȡʤ⡣
˵תԲ˼ЧʳжѸ١
ȡʤǱؾñҪڲ׽ʹսָҪ
ϾߣмѶϣɲҪʱƣС
Ԫ249 괺κ۲ܷ90 ĸƽ꣨κ꣩ȥ룬
ˬ˵ͬ˾ܲʱѵѸٲ
еĳţռ⣬ӹ˲ˬͲ˵ľӪɱ
ˮĸϣЩԻ̫ʵµģһ֮˾˾
ܲдһܷ˲ˬҪȥıȨû

ˬõ裬һȻܷ̻Ȼ
룬֪Ϊʱ˾ܲȰ˵ˬָˮ˵
жֻˬĹ٣һ糣ضǡ
ʱһлģδ˾ũǲˬͬ磬еı
Ȱ˵ˬϣӴȻӵķ
ųĲˬԥ˵ţܺ
棬Ž£˭ҲӦأоӪ⣬ʱǲ
ﵽһ㣬еı㹻ʹãҪ˵ĵ
ҲʳǴ˾ũӡ㻹ʲôӺ˵
ˬֵܻǲжʱ֣ˬѵһ˵ҾͰѱȨ
˾ܲȻоλһ̡һ˵
ӵˬ֮ӣһɫôֵ
ҲҪ۶塣
ǲˬ͵ܷٺص˾ܲ
סլĽ¥ҹжʱˬ
ŵӵ԰񣬽¥ϵ˾͸ߺʴ󽫾Ϸˡ
ˬһĪչãˬı
׻˵ϲϣҡ˾ܲսʤˬǶı
Ϊ£ˬأǵ£ԥܵϣ
˻ļıҲһֽ
ñҪڲ׽ʹս
Ԫ233 ꣬κ߽飬ԭκȨΪκ
رʱ첽ȸһ򿹾ܲκȨʱܰ
໥ᣬδչٱѵĳ̶ȡΪݴʷϹ̽
첿𲿶ӣʵֶܣ򸧲ȸĿģ
˳͢κۿϹı࣬˵ȸһʱ
ջ󣬶ڷдɾ壬Ϲڳֻʹ羪֮
Ѹٺ϶ΪһǱŲȸѣʵĿأ
گ飬ϹҪ죬ӦԾע֮Ϊ磬Խ
ȸ»ڸĻع֮ء
۵ļʶȻϹһȸڿ־ٱӣԶ
ܡȻʶگ黹ǳˣȵگ鷢ϹʱϹ
ǲСԶ׷ȸ׷¥ƣĲܱǰӭӲ
Ŀ±ܷսܱܣȸʵʱȫӳ
ϣŲκı߽һı㡢²
ç£ʹ̬չӡ˵ñǰǶ
ıкʵʣԤƳıʵʩᵽʱӮ
ʤ
κʱκܶ˵
·;ôԶѵٰݼˣұһ
ĻϢ
ʾ
˵ԭعôعͻյɽҰľ
һ·ȥȡ֮ԭعôعɼʹ
ȥͽ
һסĻ˵
ûãࡢԡκأԪǰ318 ꣩˵
ͳػ˵е;ȥ
к֮ǡ
ػͬˣѡʴϸһǧƥŮһ͸

ټȺᣬ˵ǹ˵ĻϢع
֪ͨǳˡ
Ͱɱ͵ϮعǴؾ
ߣ
[ԭ]
ҷ٣߼Σ֮ҲȻгɰܡΣ֮
ɲ졣ʥΪе£ԲǺ¢֪֮ۡҲܣ
֮Ҳݣ֮˵֮вߣʥ˲ΪҲ߲Է֮Ԣޡ
ʴǲߣĲװңⲻаףΪ֮ıȻ֮
ΪʵԲ߲Уֹ߲࣬ν󹦡֮֮Ϊ֮ǡ
÷ɢ֮ȨᣬԼΣΪ֮ߣƩˮ
ǧ̣֮תԲʯ֮ȡдߣƲòȻҲ
[ע]
飺ռõĹߡ
ڼΣΣ˼
ۺ£˶ĳ
ܶߣңĿҲߣġ۲쿴
֮ҲҪųִС
߲ʧ֮ԣ˲ϲ۱
ۡ
ߴǲۼ򵥶Ҫ졣
Բ߲Уֹ߲ԲתھֹԲĲת
ֹȻдУ
ɢ֮ȨȨɢķס
[]
Ҫ֪ҼףЧ仯֮νҡһ
΢жϡЩһºܺϺʵЩ»гаܡ΢
ı仯ɲϸ졣
ԣʥΪ֮ζԴе֮ΣٶҪϺ
չ
νҡġ۹۲ν𡱣ų
֣֮˵⣬Բ˳չ仯ʥҲὲ
ԴˣԼų˵ۣӦг
ţ־аףȻı˳Ӧ͹۹

ʵУԲļıʵʩıԾͲֹͣǴ󹦸
ǰᡣǣǼǣ֮
÷ɢʵȨıҪֵ֮ΣΪ
ϡ仯ˣǧɵĴϾ̣ɽ
תԲʯӦ硣ʹȻ
[]
ڱƪָ˹۲ԭ򣬹˵ҡߣ
ģ۹۲ˡνߣų֮νġ
ҡһ΢жϣʹ΢Сı仯Ҳɲϸ졣֪΢
С󡣴ӶѸٶϵĽоߡ
òҲܼ΢֪뻸˻ˡ
ʱı˳Ժңð
ݣΪ
˵Ҷû£ΪʲôҪش˵
ʱŴ󲽣ŭ壬й˼Ҿͱ
ɫҪڶ컸ϳҾ
˵˰ɣ˵ٸô֪ģ˵
ʱҾܹɫ֪ġ˵ã
飬飬֪ԼվᱻǳЦ
ˡڸԼͼİ취ǲ˵ȴƾ·ʲ
ˡ
ҲҪϸĹ۲죬СﱾΪݣϵؽ
оߡ
սʱТ䷨·
飬׷׷ѡ飬ִ䷨ǿءƶ
·֮ȴԥˣԭ¹аղţģ·
ϼѡڰ䲼·ǰڰ֮һе
زһֱľɹԱأ˵˭
ľᵽţʮ׻ƽ𡣴һİն֣û
һ˸ǰᶯľ
õر˵˸ڰᶯʮ׻ƽ𡣡˵
͸ӾȲѣǳɣʱһ׳ͦľͷ
ᴩУţշ׷״ӵǰ׳ľͷţ
Ȼõʮ׵ǮǣϢֶߣշ׷״
̾ţ۰գθһʱ
֪յ仯ΪﵽȡĿģ䲼
·䷨һһƬϣ֮õ˼Ĺ
ִС
һľͷͿԵõôǮºðţһ
Զ֣ͻɴ˼ˣ֪΢·Ч
һͷȡ£ǷǷУȡıԣΪŽ
μӡ


[ԭ]
࣬νĳաأ֮Ҳɸɶ֮֮ߣ
ɱذܡ˾࣬ɲأิɸɶ֮֮ʢ˥
˾֮Ҳ
[ע]
ٳࣺᡣ֣աסжŦܿж
Ĺɡ
[]
࣬жĹؼĹɡ紺֣ļ
ɣ＾ոʱɡ㣷һȻɣ
ʩΥȻɵģʹɹһʱҲվذܡ
ɴ˶֪˾ҲѭĿ͹۹ɡҪ֯
ջ񣬴صȡҲΥЩɣ͹۹ɣʹ
ϿǿҲؽ˥ǿ͹۹ɣ˾صĴټ͡
[]
ڱƪرǿ߱ѭĿ͹۹ɣʩΥ
۹ɵģʹɹһʱҲվذܣ ߵľжŦ
ؼĹɡҪơʱ֡Ƚпѧķ
ؽͤüΪκAռ㳤̾
ˣŰǧȥ书ɽС·ɱֹκ
Ա·ʰװ׼̡
ᷡάȥɽ׼ΪϺѱϣǧ
ذݣ׼ˡʱڱǰ棬˵˾ܲ
ʮǷӵʱ޴󽫣ֻһ
Ĺڲ࣬ǧʿаˣֻжǧڳ
СڹϢɫˣǧ
ֵ˵ʮأ
ǳԶֻκȻΪ·غƵ֮
գϿеӲʿ
ڳб𶯣߼ɱۡţÿ
һŰŶʮʿģɨֵκˣв
˵С˵գϺ멣ͷͯ
ߵ¥֮ϣƾ
˵˾ܲǰ沿ǰ˰ţҽ
æ˾ܲ˾ܲţԭشԼԷ
Ȼ㵯٣Цݿ䡣һִͯұһ
ֳַͯжʮգֻ˵ͷɨأһ
ӡ˾ܲմɣǰǰϿ쳷ˡ˾
ܲĶ˾˵ĪֱûԹ̬ɣ˾
ܲ˵һСģðաڳŴ󿪣
ļˡǣ·κȫˡ
κԶȥЦڹٴʱھ˾
ܲκͳʮ򾫱ˣة˱ȥˡ
ʲôԵأ˵˾ܲһðա˰
ţȻԲųˡҲԸð˴գֻ²
ѣֻðһΡڹһȻ˵ةñ
ȻĪ⡣ǣˡЦ˵Ҳ
ǲܣֻҾֻжǧˣܣ϶Ӳ˶Զ
ͻᱻ˾ܲץסˡԣֻÿճǼð
Ĺ룬սжķ𣬶Ҫݶʱ֡ķ
ʹСΧıҲʱʱȷֱӰ쵽ıȷ
ıԷչʷ֤ʱƣǸıԼҵڸӵĶ
У͸ط붴ƣȷطĻʯı
ʱۣҪıվʱ̨Ͽ⣬ᷢչ
ƿǣʹǺıҲܿԽʷչ׶Ρ
ھУʶʱȻʱҪıǺܲ
ġȣӦѧΡáʷȷ硣Σ
ȷʱʺص󣬾ӦԾעʹԼıʩıָ˼
ʱҪ󣬷ʷչ
սʱԹٽ壬䣬ɳ
Թ߾Ӳ²˿ڣصƻԹİʱ
Թūعв֮£ȻıΪս
޷ԸūҲ޷ԿصľӡΪΣ׳
ԹĽиĸʵС䡱
䣬¸ĸװҪʺѧϰѵԭ
Ŀ۴ӣӵսϾٶ㡢խ£ƹ
սսѵһһ⵽ھ׵
ϳǵǿҷԡ幫ӳɾвԶԿΪ
ϮԶ̣֮֮׹֮ڵĴ治֮С
ΣȥݷָҪԣǿ
ߣ׳ܾܵУôªŶΥĴ־ȴ
Ϊѩܣôأ˵˹ӳɣҴ͸һ׺
ϳű㷢˺ҲŶװƤ
ִƤޣԾ䣬ȻʹԹǿ
ɽɽͬʱֱֺ¥ǿأ룬Թ
һʱҲ׷ЧȣսɷӴ˷ֹ
䡱ҹʷشľ¸ĸƷ׽ǶȿҲһ
θĸκθĸﶼɵĴͳϰߺ˼άƵĵƣϰ
ǰӦڽȡԶԶԹǿʵ

о
[ԭ]
оνʩ֮Ժ֮ˡȾִ߲Ҳ
ߢڣٱƲݣʩߣۣȾִߣʹСˢܡʿ
ʱٿӣ򵱷ԣƵΪۣ־г
ƣ򵱰ܰݡʵˣҲȨ
ʧԼΪݣΪòۧޣ׺ȥȴ
塣߼͵Ҫڡࡱо
ΪݣΪòߣνسΪ֮ҲӰ졢ݡò
֮Ҳ֮ˣĿӷǡаԱءʫ顱вƧ࣬
ΪΣԵΪݣòׯɫ£òҲۧȥ֮
νͬӡ̽ǲϣ΢⡣
ΪΨ(11)򲻱ɢ˳ߣԱ
ڶҲʢ¿ɱĿ(12)(13)Ҳϡ
Ҳ
ۧνӮ(14)΢֮𡣶ۧߣǿҲǿۧȶʤߣ
书ʢơ߰为䱰ڡʤѣ书
ƣ֪ˡŰ为ǿΪҲۧ޼
ǿԿв
׺ȥߣν׺֮ϵ(15)ʹ˼(16)ҲʽߣС
־ԿΪɸ֮ϲ֮Խȥ֮
ȴߣŶҲԶ֮⣬֮Լɻ䣬ʾ
ʱ(17)Ի壬Ȼ԰(18)ﾡضȴ֮(19)
޼֮ڶ෽֮(20)
ߣνѧ(21)ߣΪ֮Զ֣֮ϵ
ѡЧ(22)֮ˣȥ(23)ǰڳ(24)ɫߣ
Ϊֶ֮֮(25)Ϊ֮(26)ϲ֮£
Թ(27)֮ʹк(28)
ߣν塣̽Ժ(29)Ҳ̽Ҳ
ڣϵɶҲС˱(30)ܼ֮ܰ
ǣؼ壬عԵʥ΢ߣתΣΪ
ʹҲ
[ע]
оڲá
ߣٱƲݣ۱ܽףԾͳΪ˵
Ѷʩݡͬࡢѡ
ʧ
ܾȾִߣʹСˣӪȱˣ߻ҲȻ
ˡ
ݵʱ??ĿκʱӲȻѡ
о֮ͼ֮ѵʱεֻѣ
ҲܿԺ֮ʿȹѹءٿѨƽ־Ǿн
ۧǹķ϶
سΪͬαƧа֮⡣
òκɫָ
̽ǲϣ䣺̡ǡ硢ơ
𣬽ľˮ˵ѧ˵ľˮ˻
̽ǡֲܵ͡
(11)֮һΪܺŸСԹ
硱ʫ䡣
(12)ĿָĿ㡣۾һࡣ˵ˮвΡ
(13)ֻһһı񣬾ɣޡ
(14)ӮС
(15)׺֮ϵԣһҪߵˣΪ˵Ļ׺֮
⡣
(16)˼ź˼
(17)ʱ涨ʱֹ룬ӶԷİ취
(18)԰ģԷη֮ȻҪҷҪ
Գʹ䰲ġ
(19)ﾡضȴ֮ǰʹõвԣӴʸڲ̸
(20)޼֮ڶ෽֮ˣܶǰҪ֪Լ
ܡ
(21)ͬ
(22)ЧЧ͡
(23)ȥʷϵΪա
(24)ڳϼֻ̣ܽ߳˾ܵˡ
(25)ֵֶ֮Ŀֽжˡ
(26)Ϊ֮ǣɫͻб֮Ͷ
޶ࡣ
(27)ңԶӡ
(28)᣺ټ˼
(29)̽ԺϣڶԷҪ塣
(30)а֮⡣磺
[]
о˵ЩΣѣ˽̻ʩԴµˡ
ǾЩвηˣЩߣǲµġ
֮ʿƶʩݣе֮ˣһĵ׼ȥЩ
ѺˣѺһȣͻжˡһЩʿˣʱ
ңеƱܲкеΪӢۣ
ݺеƵеʧܣȴǿ
ˣءо֮ˣԡо֮ʩˣҪ
˿ơȨһ˿ƣͻʧ
о֮ǹڡΪݣΪòۧ
׺ȥȴ塱ԭ̽֡мصۣȨҪּ
ڡࡷоƪС
νΪݣΪò˶仯˵ΪӰ
ݺòαߣƾǵݺòͿʶǣصµ
Ϊ֮ˣǲĶǲа֮ԣ̸۵Ķǡʫ
顷֮࣬ûйƧΪԵΪòԵΪ
գòׯţǹòʶǵġն

Ƿ֮ϣҲһַ˵
ͶҲͲܶԷĶѺáͬУǲͣ
һܳΪΨйѡ
˵гǲģɢˡ󡢺ǲ
ֳ֮һǺġ
õУеȴĿг
ҲΪʲͣЭ¡
νۧǽìܡǵСߵĲͣ
ۧǵǿĹҲʱʹĲԡ
ǿභʱʤһ书ҵơʧܵһ
Լȶʹġ
ԣʤߣһǳƣͻжóȻʧ
ߣͬĲʱŬ֧ţƴֿȻǿ
㣬Է˵зʵһǿҷǿ
ǿıвȶԷǷӣ̲ҡ
ν׺ȥķ˵ڼ뿪Լˣ˵Ļ
ԱʹԷ»׷صˣһҪĵУ
ʾٶȺڣԷһˡ֮
ˣȥյĹ٣ʹȥҲʮǡ
ȴķ˵Ҫڰй۲˵Ķ̴ΪԶʱʧ
֮Ҫʧ󴦣֤ҪɻĶ̴֤
Ǵʱֹġͻ˶£Ȼģǰ
˵ĻҲ˵ˣЩ֤ݣزʾˡң
ǰֳԼ֮
ġķǣЩѧˣӦΪӰ죬
Ȼ֤ı죬Զ˶̾ܣ
ԼġΪЧߣҪ֮ʷϵͲգǰ
һĳܵõܵˡ
ھɫˣҪָжǣԾɫҪ
޶࣬ԴˣǣǸ˵ؿδ£ʶ
ңԶδʹ֮شʹ֮ýҺڡ
塱ķ˵ǣԼ֮̽ģʹ
ĵ塣⵽ڿģʲô£ɴ˶
С˶Դˣô򳣳ƹʥ
֮ǲμҵģõعġʥرӡ΢
ġΪȷʵʹתΣΪġ
[]
ڱƪȨҪּ
ƪйָΪݣΪò˶仯˵Ϊ
Ӱݺòƾǵݺòʶǵж
ָǷϣͶҲͲܽܶԷ
Ѻá
սʱκ๫ˣκȥ̽˵Ĳ
أҸôأش˵ҵļҳӹвܣ
ϣܰѹҪ뿪κ
ûش𣬳ʱ̴˵ѵɱƾ
쾹һҪѹ̫ˣûвɹ

󣬹뿪κ˵عТ
عһǿʢκһȥˡ֪
ϵƣ֪֮κִ
Ļʹһ˥ȥ
ΪʱƵսŸͥ
նڷܣڲ֣֮ܲʵ֮ԡ
ĩ꣬Ⱥ۲ӵأ沢ʱռݣ
ȴŷɵһʱϮռݵء
ֻפС档ͺʱ޿̲׼
ܲһ򰮲ţ֪·ǳ˫ս
Ҳֻ˸ƽ֣սߣΪȴ̰
ǰʱ̽˵̫ˣһ㡣ܲ
ش˵òȴ˵ǵĲң
Ҹ㣬ºγһ仰Բܲٵ˼п֮⡣
ʱڲܲߣֿ˵û
û뵽ͷƵ˵һ仰
ʱԲܲ˵û˽Ͷ׿𣿡
˲ܲ١ǶĲºӣͶ׿ʱ
ɱ常Ϊ濣ɱڶ常׿ǲ
ְƳնס
նΪԼ˶ֱ֮ⱻܲΪĸ󽫣
ǿνһá
ǰй۲Ķ̴ЩﵽԼĿġ

